8-K
false000185603100018560312023-08-082023-08-080001856031seat:WarrantsMember2023-08-082023-08-080001856031us-gaap:CommonClassAMember2023-08-082023-08-08

 

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 8-K

 

CURRENT REPORT

Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): August 08, 2023

 

 

Vivid Seats Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

 

Delaware

001-40926

86-3355184

(State or Other Jurisdiction
of Incorporation)

(Commission File Number)

(IRS Employer
Identification No.)

 

 

 

 

 

24 E. Washington Street

Suite 900

 

Chicago, Illinois

 

60602

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

 

(Zip Code)

 

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: 312 291-9966

 

Not Applicable

(Former Name or Former Address, if Changed Since Last Report)

 

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:

Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class

 

Trading
Symbol(s)

 


Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share

 

SEAT

 

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Warrants to purchase one share of Class A common stock

 

SEATW

 

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§ 230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§ 240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

 

 


Item 2.02. Results of Operations and Financial Condition

The following information shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.

On August 8, 2023, Vivid Seats Inc. issued a press release providing financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023.

The press release, attached as an exhibit to this report, includes "safe harbor" language pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, indicating that certain statements contained in the press release are "forward-looking" rather than historic. The press release also states that these and other risks relating to Vivid Seats are set forth in the documents filed by Vivid Seats with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits

(d) Exhibits

Exhibit No.

Description

99.1

 

Press release issued by Vivid Seats Inc., dated August 8, 2023

 

 


SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

 

 

Vivid Seats Inc.

 

 

 

 

Date:

August 8, 2023

By:

/s/ Lawrence Fey

 

 

 

Lawrence Fey
Chief Financial Officer

 


EX-99.1

Exhibit 99.1

Vivid Seats Delivers Highest GOV Ever and Expands TAM Internationally

Raising Guidance for 2023 Marketplace GOV, Revenues and Adjusted EBITDA

CHICAGO, IL – August 8, 2023 – Vivid Seats Inc. (NASDAQ: SEAT) (“Vivid Seats” or “we”), a leading marketplace that utilizes its technology platform to connect millions of buyers with thousands of ticket sellers across hundreds of thousands of events each year, today provided financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023.

 

“It is an exciting time for Vivid Seats. We set a new quarterly record for Marketplace GOV and delivered solid profitability that is enabling compelling investments,” said Stan Chia, Vivid Seats CEO. “I'm thrilled to announce that we’ve expanded our TAM internationally with a definitive agreement to purchase Wavedash, the leading secondary ticketing marketplace in Japan. We are also excited to have entered into several strategic partnerships including with the Colorado Rockies, the L.A. Dodgers and the L.A. Chargers. Through partnerships such as these, we craft unique and premium experiences that drive differentiation, higher brand awareness and affinity, and ultimately contribute to higher customer repeat rates.”

 

Second Quarter 2023 Key Operational and Financial Metrics

Marketplace GOV of $953.7 million – up 17% from $814.8 million in Q2 2022
Revenues of $165.4 million – up 12% from $147.7 million in Q2 2022
Net income of $38.3 million – up 59% from $24.1 million in Q2 2022
Adjusted EBITDA of $31.1 million – up 2% from $30.3 million in Q2 2022

 

“Widespread strength in both live event supply and demand continued in the second quarter," said Lawrence Fey, Vivid Seats CFO. "Our 17% year-over-year Marketplace GOV growth is a testament to solid Vivid Seats execution against a healthy market backdrop. We are again raising our 2023 guidance and now expect both Marketplace GOV and Adjusted EBITDA to grow by double digits for the year. Our acquisition of Wavedash for approximately $61 million in cash* will expand profitability and reflects the strategic optionality that our cash flow and robust balance sheet enable as we seek opportunities to maximize long-term shareholder returns."

*Based on enterprise value, subject to closing adjustments, of ¥‎8.7 billion converted at 142.3 JPY/USD exchange rate.

 

Key Performance Indicators ('000s)

 

 

 

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

Six Months Ended June 30,

 

 

2023

 

2022

 

 

2023

 

2022

 

Marketplace GOV(1)

 

$

953,739

 

 

$

814,817

 

 

$

1,809,267

 

 

$

1,556,955

 

Total Marketplace orders(2)

 

 

2,627

 

 

 

2,410

 

 

 

4,902

 

 

 

4,429

 

Total Resale orders(3)

 

 

76

 

 

 

67

 

 

 

163

 

 

 

135

 

Adjusted EBITDA(4)

 

$

31,077

 

 

$

30,329

 

 

$

73,512

 

 

$

51,341

 

 

(1)
Marketplace Gross Order Value ("Marketplace GOV") represents the total transactional amount of Marketplace segment orders placed on our platform in a period, inclusive of fees, exclusive of taxes, and net of event cancellations that occurred during that period. Marketplace GOV was negatively impacted by event cancellations in the amount of $11.7 million and $23.8 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and $14.7 million and $49.5 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
(2)
Total Marketplace orders represents the volume of Marketplace segment orders placed on our platform in a period, net of event cancellations that occurred during that period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, our Marketplace segment experienced 29,351 and 49,831 event cancellations, respectively, compared to 35,916 and 127,316 event cancellations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
(3)
Total Resale orders represents the volume of Resale segment orders in a period, net of event cancellations that occurred during that period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, our Resale segment experienced 827 and 1,512 event cancellations, respectively, compared to 711 and 3,270 event cancellations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
(4)
Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations, as well as provides a useful measure for making period-to-period comparisons of our

business performance. Refer to the “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below for more information and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure.

 

2023 Financial Outlook

Vivid Seats now anticipates Marketplace GOV, Revenues and Adjusted EBITDA for the year ending December 31, 2023 to be:

Marketplace GOV in the range of $3.4 billion to $3.6 billion (increased from $3.15 billion to $3.4 billion)
Revenues in the range of $630.0 million to $650.0 million (increased from $605.0 million to $630.0 million)
Adjusted EBITDA in the range of $125.0 million to $135.0 million** (increased from $115.0 million to $130.0 million)

Additional detail around the 2023 outlook will be available on the second quarter 2023 earnings call.

** We calculate forward-looking Adjusted EBITDA based on internal forecasts that omit certain information that would be included in forward-looking net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure. We do not provide a reconciliation of forward-looking Adjusted EBITDA to forward-looking net income because forecasting the timing or amount of items that have not yet occurred and are out of our control is inherently uncertain and unavailable without unreasonable efforts.

Webcast Details

Vivid Seats will host a webcast at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time today to discuss its second quarter 2023 financial results, 2023 financial outlook and acquisition of Wavedash. Participants may access the live webcast and supplemental earnings presentation on the events page of the Vivid Seats Investor Relations website at https://investors.vividseats.com/events-and-presentations.

About Vivid Seats

Founded in 2001, Vivid Seats is a leading online ticket marketplace committed to becoming the ultimate partner for connecting fans to the live events, artists, and teams they love. Based on the belief that everyone should “Experience It Live,” the Chicago-based company provides exceptional value by providing one of the widest selections of events and tickets in North America and an industry leading Vivid Seats Rewards program where all fans earn on every purchase. Vivid Seats has been chosen as the official ticketing partner by some of the biggest brands in the entertainment industry including ESPN, Rolling Stone, and the Los Angeles Clippers. Vivid Seats also owns Vivid Picks, a daily fantasy sports app. Through its proprietary software and unique technology, Vivid Seats drives the consumer and business ecosystem for live event ticketing and enables the power of shared experiences to unite people. Vivid Seats has been recognized by Newsweek as one of America’s Best Companies for Customer Service in ticketing. Fans who want to have the best live experiences can start by downloading the Vivid Seats mobile app, going to vividseats.com, or calling 866-848-8499.



 

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the "safe harbor" provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The forward-looking statements in this press release relate to, without limitation: our future results of operations and financial position, including our expectations regarding Marketplace GOV, Revenues and Adjusted EBITDA and the impact of our investments; our expectations with respect to live event industry growth; our competitive positioning; our business strategy; the planned acquisition of Wavedash; and the plans and objectives of management for future operations. Words such as "estimate," "project," "expect," "anticipate," "forecast," "plan," "intend," "believe," "seek," "may," "will," "should," "future" and "propose," as well as similar expressions which predict or indicate future events or which do not relate to historical matters, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, conditions or results, and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, many of which are outside of our control. Important factors that could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: the supply and demand of large-scale sporting events, concerts and theater shows; our relationships with buyers, sellers and distribution partners; changes in internet search engine algorithms or in marketplace rules; competition in the ticketing industry; the willingness of artists, teams and promoters to continue to support the secondary ticket market; our ability to maintain and improve our platform and brand or to develop successful new solutions and enhancements or improve existing ones; the impact of potential unfavorable legislative developments; the successful completion of our acquisition and integration of Wavedash; the effects of any recession and inflation; ongoing and future effects of pandemics; our ability to generate sufficient cash flows or raise additional capital necessary to fund our operations; the impact of system interruption and the lack of integration and redundancy in our systems and infrastructure; the impact of cyber security risks, data loss or other breaches of our network security; our being a controlled company; and other factors detailed in the “Risk Factors” sections of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.


Contacts:

Investors

Kate Africk

Kate.Africk@vividseats.com

Media

Julia Young

Julia.Young@vividseats.com

 

 


 

VIVID SEATS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except per share data) (Unaudited)

 

 

 

June 30,

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

Assets

 

 

 

 

Current assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents

 

$

306,202

 

 

$

251,542

 

Restricted cash

 

 

672

 

 

 

748

 

Accounts receivable – net

 

 

46,301

 

 

 

36,531

 

Inventory – net

 

 

28,010

 

 

 

12,783

 

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 

 

46,608

 

 

 

29,912

 

Total current assets

 

 

427,793

 

 

 

331,516

 

Property and equipment – net

 

 

10,356

 

 

 

10,431

 

Right-of-use assets – net

 

 

7,564

 

 

 

7,859

 

Intangible assets – net

 

 

82,031

 

 

 

81,976

 

Goodwill

 

 

715,258

 

 

 

715,258

 

Deferred tax assets

 

 

79,275

 

 

 

1,853

 

Other non-current assets

 

 

2,407

 

 

 

2,538

 

Total assets

 

$

1,324,684

 

 

$

1,151,431

 

Liabilities and shareholders’ deficit

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accounts payable

 

$

204,217

 

 

$

161,312

 

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

 

 

192,038

 

 

 

181,970

 

Deferred revenue

 

 

30,070

 

 

 

31,983

 

Current maturities of long-term debt

 

 

2,750

 

 

 

2,750

 

Total current liabilities

 

 

429,075

 

 

 

378,015

 

Long-term debt – net

 

 

263,873

 

 

 

264,898

 

Long-term lease liabilities

 

 

14,808

 

 

 

14,911

 

Tax Receivable Agreement liability

 

 

98,977

 

 

 

 

Other non-current liabilities

 

 

20,868

 

 

 

13,445

 

Total long-term liabilities

 

 

398,526

 

 

 

293,254

 

Commitments and contingencies

 

 

 

 

 

 

Redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

790,416

 

 

 

862,860

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shareholders' deficit

 

 

 

 

 

 

Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 500,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 101,611,805 and 82,410,774 issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 

 

11

 

 

 

8

 

Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; 250,000,000 shares authorized, 99,800,000 and 118,200,000 issued and outstanding at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 

 

10

 

 

 

12

 

Additional paid-in capital

 

 

717,990

 

 

 

663,908

 

Treasury stock, at cost, 5,291,497 and 4,342,477 shares at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively

 

 

(40,106

)

 

 

(32,494

)

Accumulated deficit

 

 

(971,238

)

 

 

(1,014,132

)

Total Shareholders' deficit

 

 

(293,333

)

 

 

(382,698

)

Total liabilities, Redeemable noncontrolling interests, and Shareholders' deficit

 

$

1,324,684

 

 

$

1,151,431

 

 

 


 

VIVID SEATS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands) (Unaudited)

 

 

 

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

Six Months Ended June 30,

 

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

Revenues

 

$

165,380

 

 

$

147,694

 

 

$

326,443

 

 

$

278,466

 

Costs and expenses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)

 

 

42,616

 

 

 

32,422

 

 

 

80,376

 

 

 

64,586

 

Marketing and selling

 

 

65,192

 

 

 

59,412

 

 

 

119,964

 

 

 

113,640

 

General and administrative

 

 

38,307

 

 

 

36,207

 

 

 

70,696

 

 

 

65,482

 

Depreciation and amortization

 

 

2,704

 

 

 

1,726

 

 

 

5,302

 

 

 

3,111

 

Change in fair value of contingent consideration

 

 

(1,052

)

 

 

 

 

 

(1,018

)

 

 

 

Income from operations

 

 

17,613

 

 

 

17,927

 

 

 

51,123

 

 

 

31,647

 

Other (income) expense:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interest expense – net

 

 

2,772

 

 

 

2,699

 

 

 

6,052

 

 

 

6,641

 

Loss on extinguishment of debt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4,285

 

Other (income) expense

 

 

1,000

 

 

 

(8,832

)

 

 

673

 

 

 

(6,553

)

Income before income taxes

 

 

13,841

 

 

 

24,060

 

 

 

44,398

 

 

 

27,274

 

Income tax expense (benefit)

 

 

(24,485

)

 

 

 

 

 

(24,200

)

 

 

76

 

Net income

 

 

38,326

 

 

 

24,060

 

 

 

68,598

 

 

 

27,198

 

Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests

 

 

7,614

 

 

 

14,405

 

 

 

25,704

 

 

 

16,284

 

Net income attributable to Class A Common Stockholders

 

$

30,712

 

 

$

9,655

 

 

$

42,894

 

 

$

10,914

 

 

 


VIVID SEATS INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands) (Unaudited)

 

 

 

Six Months Ended June 30,

 

 

 

2023

 

2022

 

Cash flows from operating activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net income

 

$

68,598

 

 

$

27,198

 

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Depreciation and amortization

 

 

5,302

 

 

 

3,111

 

Amortization of deferred financing costs and interest rate cap

 

 

453

 

 

 

575

 

Equity-based compensation expense

 

 

12,910

 

 

 

8,909

 

Loss on extinguishment of debt

 

 

 

 

 

4,285

 

Change in fair value of warrants

 

 

673

 

 

 

(6,553

)

Amortization of leases

 

 

295

 

 

 

1,177

 

Loss on asset disposals

 

 

17

 

 

 

 

Change in fair value of contingent consideration

 

 

(1,018

)

 

 

 

Deferred taxes

 

 

(24,577

)

 

 

 

Change in assets and liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accounts receivable

 

 

(9,770

)

 

 

(8,171

)

Inventory

 

 

(15,227

)

 

 

(9,429

)

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

 

 

(16,696

)

 

 

13,412

 

Accounts payable

 

 

42,905

 

 

 

(638

)

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

 

 

13,586

 

 

 

(38,014

)

Deferred revenue

 

 

(1,913

)

 

 

7,518

 

Other non-current assets and liabilities

 

 

7,132

 

 

 

(1,974

)

Net cash provided by operating activities

 

 

82,670

 

 

 

1,406

 

Cash flows from investing activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

Purchases of property and equipment

 

 

(606

)

 

 

(1,392

)

Purchases of personal seat licenses

 

 

(486

)

 

 

(137

)

Investments in developed technology

 

 

(4,491

)

 

 

(5,394

)

Cash adjustment in acquisition

 

 

 

 

 

(8

)

Net cash used in investing activities

 

 

(5,583

)

 

 

(6,931

)

Cash flows from financing activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

Payments of February 2022 First Lien Loan

 

 

(1,375

)

 

 

(687

)

Repurchase of common stock as treasury stock

 

 

(7,612

)

 

 

 

Cash paid for milestone payments

 

 

(2,500

)

 

 

 

Tax distributions

 

 

(11,016

)

 

 

 

Payments of June 2017 First Lien Loan

 

 

 

 

 

(465,712

)

Proceeds from February 2022 First Lien Loan

 

 

 

 

 

275,000

 

Payments of deferred financing costs and other debt-related costs

 

 

 

 

 

(4,856

)

Net cash used in financing activities

 

 

(22,503

)

 

 

(196,255

)

Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

 

 

54,584

 

 

 

(201,780

)

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash – beginning of period

 

 

252,290

 

 

 

489,810

 

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash – end of period

 

$

306,874

 

 

$

288,030

 

 

 


Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

 

We present Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, because it is a measure frequently used by analysts, investors, and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. Further, we believe this measure is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results because it excludes the impact of items that are outside the control of management or not reflective of ongoing performance related directly to the operation of our business.

 

Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure used by our management internally to make operating decisions, including those related to analyzing operating expenses, evaluating performance, and performing strategic planning and annual budgeting. Moreover, we believe Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations, as well as provides a useful measure for making period-to-period comparisons of our business performance and highlighting trends in our operating results.

 

Adjusted EBITDA is not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect all amounts associated with our operating results as determined in accordance with GAAP and may exclude recurring costs, such as interest expense, equity-based compensation, litigation, settlements and related costs and change in value of warrants. In addition, other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than us, thereby limiting its usefulness as a comparative tool. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from Adjusted EBITDA.

 

The following is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure, net income (in thousands):

 

 

 

Three Months Ended June 30,

 

 

Six Months Ended June 30,

 

 

2023

 

2022

 

 

2023

 

2022

 

Net income

 

$

38,326

 

 

$

24,060

 

 

$

68,598

 

 

$

27,198

 

Income tax expense (benefit)

 

 

(24,485

)

 

 

 

 

 

(24,200

)

 

 

76

 

Interest expense – net

 

 

2,772

 

 

 

2,699

 

 

 

6,052

 

 

 

6,641

 

Depreciation and amortization

 

 

2,704

 

 

 

1,726

 

 

 

5,302

 

 

 

3,111

 

Sales tax liability(1)

 

 

 

 

 

2,010

 

 

 

 

 

 

2,932

 

Transaction costs(2)

 

 

4,488

 

 

 

2,345

 

 

 

4,944

 

 

 

3,747

 

Equity-based compensation(3)

 

 

7,380

 

 

 

5,312

 

 

 

12,910

 

 

 

8,909

 

Loss on extinguishment of debt(4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4,285

 

Litigation, settlements and related costs(5)

 

 

(66

)

 

 

1,009

 

 

 

234

 

 

 

995

 

Change in fair value of warrants(6)

 

 

1,000

 

 

 

(8,832

)

 

 

673

 

 

 

(6,553

)

Change in fair value of contingent consideration(7)

 

 

(1,052

)

 

 

 

 

 

(1,018

)

 

 

 

Loss on asset disposals(8)

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

17

 

 

 

 

Adjusted EBITDA

 

$

31,077

 

 

$

30,329

 

 

$

73,512

 

 

$

51,341

 

(1)
We have historically incurred sales tax expense in jurisdictions where we expected to remit sales tax payments but were not yet collecting from customers. During the second half of 2021, we began collecting sales tax from customers in the required jurisdictions. The sales tax liability presented herein represents the tax liability for sales tax prior to the date we began collecting sales tax from customers reduced by abatements received, inclusive of any penalties and interest assessed by the jurisdictions. The remaining historic sales tax liability payments were made during the year ended December 31, 2022.
(2)
Transaction costs consist of legal, accounting, tax and other professional fees; personnel-related costs, which consist of retention bonuses; and integration costs. Transaction costs recognized in 2023 were primarily related to expenses incurred in connection with a secondary offering by Hoya Topco, LLC of our Class A common stock, expenses incurred for strategic investments and legal expenses and retention bonuses related to our acquisition of Betcha Sports, Inc. (“Betcha,” which was rebranded as “Vivid Picks”). Transaction costs recognized in 2022 were primarily related to the merger transaction with Horizon Acquisition Corporation (the “Merger Transaction”), our acquisition of Betcha and the refinancing of the June 2017 First Lien Loan with the February 2022 First Lien Loan.
(3)
We incur equity-based compensation expenses for profits interests issued prior to the Merger Transaction and equity granted pursuant to the 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the “2021 Plan”), which we do not consider to be indicative of our core operating performance. The 2021 Plan was approved and adopted in order to facilitate the grant of equity incentive awards to our employees, directors and consultants. The 2021 Plan became effective on October 18, 2021.
(4)
Losses incurred resulted from the extinguishment of the June 2017 First Lien Loan in February 2022.

(5)
These amounts relate to external legal costs, settlement costs and insurance recoveries, which were unrelated to our core business operations.
(6)
This relates to the revaluation of warrants to purchase common units of Hoya Intermediate, LLC held by Hoya Topco, LLC following the Merger Transaction.
(7)
This relates to the revaluation of Vivid Picks cash earnouts.
(8)
This relates to asset disposals, which are not considered indicative of our core operating performance.