As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 5, 2021

Registration No. 333-            

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Vivid Seats Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

111 N. Canal Street

Suite 800

Chicago, Illinois 60606

(312) 291-9966

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Mr. Stanley Chia

Chief Executive Officer

111 N. Canal Street

Suite 800

Chicago, Illinois 60606

(312) 291-9966

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Cathy A. Birkeland

Shagufa R. Hossain

Bradley C. Faris

Latham & Watkins LLP

330 N. Wabash Avenue, Suite 2800

Chicago, IL 60611

(312) 876-7700

Approximate date of commencement of proposed offer to the public: From time to time after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) check the following box:  ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the SEC, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. The preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and does not constitute the solicitation of offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED NOVEMBER 5, 2021

VIVID SEATS INC.

187,267,173 SHARES OF CLASS A COMMON STOCK

45,686,457 WARRANTS TO PURCHASE SHARES OF CLASS A COMMON STOCK AND

58,652,569 SHARES OF CLASS A COMMON STOCK UNDERLYING WARRANTS

This prospectus relates to the resale from time to time of (i) an aggregate of 63,067,173 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Class A common stock”), of Vivid Seats Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Vivid Seats PubCo”), including (a) 47,517,173 shares of Class A common stock issued to certain qualified institutional buyers and accredited investors that purchased shares of Class A common stock in private placements consummated in connection with the Business Combination (as defined below) and (b) 15,550,000 shares of Class A common stock held by Horizon Sponsor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Sponsor”), and (ii) 45,686,457 warrants to purchase Class A common stock, including (a) 6,519,791 Vivid Seats Private Placement IPO Warrants (as defined below) to purchase Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, (b) 5,166,666 Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants (as defined below) to purchase Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, held by the Sponsor, (c) 17,000,000 Vivid Seats PubCo $10.00 Exercise Warrants (as defined below) to purchase Class A common stock at an exercise price of $10.00 per share and (d) 17,000,000 Vivid Seats PubCo $15.00 Exercise Warrants (as defined below) to purchase Class A common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share (collectively, the “warrants”) by the selling shareholders named in this prospectus (each a “Selling Shareholder” and, collectively, the “Selling Shareholders”). This prospectus also relates to (x) the issuance by us and resale by the Selling Shareholders from time to time of (i) up to 45,686,467 shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of these warrants and (ii) up to 124,200,000 shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exchange of Intermediate Common Units (as defined below) held by Hoya Topco, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Hoya Topco”), including 6,000,000 Intermediate Common Units issuable in the future pursuant to the exercise of warrants held by Hoya Topco, and (y) the issuance by us of up to 12,966,112 shares of Class A common stock issuable upon the exercise of Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants held by shareholders other than the Sponsor.

On October 18, 2021, we consummated the business combination (the “Business Combination”) contemplated by that certain transaction agreement, dated as of April 21, 2021 (as may be amended from time to time, the “Transaction Agreement”), by and among Horizon Acquisition Corporation (“Horizon”), Sponsor, Hoya Topco, Hoya Intermediate, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Hoya Intermediate”) and Vivid Seats Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Vivid Seats PubCo,” “we,” “us” or “our”), pursuant to which, among other transactions, Horizon merged with and into us, upon which the separate corporate existence of Horizon ceased and we became the surviving corporation.

We are registering the issuance and resale of certain shares of Class A common stock and the resale of certain warrants as required by an amended and restated registration rights agreement, dated as of October 18, 2021 (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), entered into by and among us, Sponsor and Hoya Topco, and by the subscription agreements, dated as of April 21, 2021 (the “Subscription Agreements”), by and among us, Horizon and certain qualified institutional buyers and accredited investors that purchased shares of Class A common stock in private placements consummated in connection with the Business Combination.

We will receive the proceeds from any exercise of the warrants for cash, but not from the resale of the shares of Class A common stock or warrants by the Selling Shareholders.

We will bear all costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration of the shares of Class A common stock and warrants. The Selling Shareholders will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to their respective sales of the shares of Class A common stock and warrants.

Our shares of Class A common stock are listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SEAT.” On November 4, 2021, the closing sale price of shares of our Class A common stock was $13.30. Our Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants are listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SEATW.” On November 4, 2021, the closing sale price of our Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants was $3.63.

Investing in shares of our Class A common stock or warrants involves risks that are described in the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 5 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be issued under this prospectus or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is             , 2021.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. No one has been authorized to provide you with information that is different from that contained in this prospectus. This prospectus is dated as of the date set forth on the cover hereof. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than that date.

TRADEMARKS

This document contains references to trademarks and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ^® or ^™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that the applicable licensor will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, its rights to these trademarks and trade names. Horizon and Vivid Seats do not intend their use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of Horizon or Vivid Seats by, any other companies.

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Notwithstanding references thereto in this prospectus, the website of Vivid Seats is not part of and is not incorporated in the prospectus, and you should not consider information found on Vivid Seats’ website to be part of this prospectus.

CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to:

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Additionally, unless the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to the business of Vivid Seats PubCo and its subsidiaries following the Closing.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Vivid Seats PubCo was incorporated on March 29, 2021 under the laws of the state of Delaware as a wholly owned subsidiary of Hoya Intermediate for the purpose of consummating the Business Combination. On October 18, 2021, Horizon merged with and into Vivid Seats PubCo, with Vivid Seats PubCo continuing as the surviving entity, following which Vivid Seats PubCo owns 39.4% of the Intermediate Common Units of Hoya Intermediate. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, Vivid Seats PubCo had no operations, assets or liabilities. Unless otherwise indicated, the financial information included herein is that of Hoya Intermediate and its consolidated subsidiaries, which, following the Business Combination, became the business of Vivid Seats PubCo and its subsidiaries.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this prospectus may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements in this prospectus may include, for example, statements about:

other factors detailed under the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this prospectus and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. The trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks. These risks are generally inherent to the alternative asset management industry or otherwise generally impact alternative asset managers like us. Any of the risk factors we describe below have affected or could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The market price of shares of our Class A common stock could decline, possibly significantly or permanently, if one or more of these risks and uncertainties occurs. Certain statements in “Risk Factors” are forward-looking statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Relating to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The global COVID-19 pandemic has had, and is likely to continue to have, a material negative impact on our business and operating results. The ultimate magnitude of this impact will depend on a variety of factors, including the duration of the pandemic, the availability and acceptance of vaccines and other mitigation efforts, restrictions or new operational requirements in place or that result as our operations recommence on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis, the state of both the U.S. and global economies as a result of the pandemic, and the public’s willingness to attend events with large numbers of people, all of which are unknowable at this time.

The global spread and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is complex, unpredictable, and continuously evolving and has resulted in significant disruption and additional risks to our business, the entertainment industry, and the global economy. The COVID-19 pandemic has led governments and other authorities around the world to impose measures intended to control its spread, including restrictions on large gatherings of people, travel bans, border closings and restrictions, business closures, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders, and social distancing measures. As a result, in mid-March 2020, as the unprecedented impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic became clearer, concert promoters, venue operators, sports leagues and theaters around the globe shut down. Our business depends on concert, sporting and theater events in order to generate most of our revenue from ticket sales in the secondary ticket market. As of today, certain sports leagues have recommenced, but they have largely done so either without fans or at reduced capacity, and thus without the typical need for ticketing. There has also been extremely limited concert and theater activity with events that are occurring generally having reduced capacity. Until such time as fans are allowed at sporting events, concerts and theatrical performances in meaningful numbers, our revenue will be negatively impacted and it is possible these circumstances continue for a longer period of time than currently anticipated. For example, revenues during the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased $433.8 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 and $45.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Due to the unprecedented nature of the global COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on our business, our ability to forecast our cash inflows is hampered, and therefore our focus is on forecasting and managing operating costs and cash outflows. At this time, it is impossible to know or predict when events will be held at a pre-pandemic scope and scale as national and local governments around the world continue to enforce various restrictions on large gatherings. These restrictions have largely remained in place and continue to impact the ability to host large-scale events. It is currently unclear as to what restrictions will be placed on future events.

We face ancillary risks and uncertainties arising from the global COVID-19 pandemic in addition to the shutdown or limitation of concert, sporting and theater events. COVID-19 may also precipitate or aggravate other risk factors described herein, which have had, and may continue to have, a material negative impact on our business and operating results. Many of these risks and uncertainties may extend beyond the duration of the current shutdowns due to the uncertainty around how the live music, sporting and theater industries will change as a result of the pandemic.

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The risks and uncertainties described herein should be read in conjunction with those set forth below. Such additional or attendant risks and uncertainties include, among other things:

The likelihood of the realization or intensification of these risks and uncertainties and the ultimate magnitude of their impact on us are not knowable or quantifiable at this time. The global COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts may continue to endure for an unknown period of time. In addition, as has already occurred in various locations, the potential exists for additional waves of the pandemic after the current wave of infections subsides. In addition, new COVID-19 variants may emerge, which could lead to additional restrictions being put into place for a greater duration of time. Different jurisdictions will lift social distancing guidelines and restrictions on gatherings of people at different times and will have different rules in place thereafter. The longer the duration of the global COVID-19 pandemic, and the greater the ancillary and lingering effects, the greater the negative impact on us and our results of operations will be. While vaccination programs have begun around the world, the ultimate impact of such programs on the pandemic and its duration, including the ability to effectively and widely manufacture and distribute vaccines and the acceptance of the vaccine by the general population, remain unknown. Moreover, even after restrictions on gatherings are lifted and vaccines are more widely distributed and available, the public’s willingness to attend large events may remain depressed for a significant length of time, and we cannot predict if and when demand to attend such events will return to pre-COVID-19 levels.

In addition, due to the reduction in cash flows we have experienced from the global COVID-19 pandemic, we have proactively taken a number of steps to enhance our liquidity position, such as streamlining of expenses and implementation of policies to provide customers with options other than cash refunds upon event cancellations. Our decreased cash flows have heightened and intensified the risks described under the “Risks Relating to Our Leverage” section of the risk factors included below. As such, there can be no assurances that we will remain in compliance with the covenants in our Term Loan Facilities (as defined below), or that we would be able to obtain waivers or amendments in order to avoid default.

We will continue to evaluate and explore additional mechanisms to attempt to ensure that we have adequate capital to fund our business, including through the issuance and sale of additional debt or equity securities. The terms of future debt agreements could include more restrictive covenants, or require incremental collateral, which may

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further restrict our business operations or be unavailable due to our covenant restrictions then in effect. There is no guarantee that debt financings will be available in the future to fund our obligations, or that they will be available on terms consistent with our expectations. Additionally, the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic on the financial markets could adversely impact our ability to raise funds.

Risks Relating to Our Business and the Live Events and Ticketing Industries

Our business is dependent on the continued occurrence of large-scale sporting events, concerts and theater shows and any decrease in the number of such events may result in decreased demand for our services.

Ticket sales are sensitive to fluctuations in the number of entertainment, sporting and theater events and activities offered by promoters, teams and facilities, and adverse trends in the entertainment, sporting and leisure event industries could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We rely on third parties to create and perform at live music, sporting and theater events, and any unwillingness to tour, lack of availability of popular artists or decrease in the number of games or performances held could limit our ability to generate revenue. Accordingly, our success depends, in part, upon the ability of these third parties to correctly anticipate public demand for particular events, as well as the availability of popular artists, entertainers and teams, and any decrease in availability or failure to anticipate public demand could result in reduced demand for our services, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business depends on relationships with buyers, sellers and distribution partners, and any adverse changes in these relationships could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on maintaining our deep and longstanding relationships with the parties that use our platform to buy and sell tickets, including individual customers, ticket sellers, and distribution partners that sell tickets to consumers using our ticket inventory, payment platform and customer service. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to maintain existing relationships, or enter into or maintain new relationships, on acceptable terms, if at all, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Another important component of our success is our ability to maintain existing and build new relationships with parties in the ticketing ecosystem. Any adverse change in these relationships, including the inability of these parties to fulfill their obligations to our business for any reason, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in Internet search engine algorithms and dynamics, or search engine disintermediation, or changes in marketplace rules could have a negative impact on traffic for our sites and ultimately, our business and results of operations.

We rely heavily on Internet search engines, such as Google, to generate traffic to our website, through a combination of organic and paid searches. Search engines frequently update and change the logic that determines the placement and display of results of a user’s search, such that the purchased or algorithmic placement of links to our website can be negatively affected. In addition, a search engine could, for competitive or other purposes, alter its search algorithms or results causing our website to be placed lower in organic search query results. If a major search engine changes its algorithms in a manner that negatively affects the search engine ranking of our website or those of our partners, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be harmed. Furthermore, our failure to successfully manage our search engine optimization could result in a substantial decrease in traffic to our website, as well as increased costs if we were to replace free traffic with paid traffic, which may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We also rely on application marketplaces, such as Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play, to enable downloads of our applications. Such marketplaces have in the past made, and may in the future make, changes that make access to our products more difficult. For example, our applications may receive unfavorable treatment compared to the promotion and placement of competing applications, such as the order in which they appear within marketplaces. Further, Apple and Google App Stores are an important distribution channel. If they choose to charge commissions on our products and we fail to negotiate compatible terms, it may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Similarly, if problems arise in our relationships with providers of application marketplaces, traffic to our site and our user growth could be harmed.

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We face intense competition in the ticketing industry, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our current revenue, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business faces significant competition from other national, regional and local primary and secondary ticketing service providers to secure new and retain existing sellers, buyers and distribution partners on a continuous basis. We also face competition in the resale of tickets from other resale marketplaces and other ticket resellers. The advent of new technology, particularly as it relates to online ticketing, has amplified this competition. The intense competition that we face in the ticketing industry could cause the volume of our ticketing business to decline, and we may not be able to maintain or increase our current revenue due to such decline, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Other variables related to the competitive environment that could adversely affect our financial performance by, among other things, leading to decreases in overall revenue, event attendance, ticket prices and fees or profit margins include:

Our business is dependent on the willingness of artists, teams and promoters to continue to support the secondary ticket market and any decrease in such support may result in decreased demand for our services.

Our business is dependent on the secondary ticket market for events put on by artists, teams and promoters. We rely upon the willingness of such artists, teams and promoters to support the secondary ticket market and any decrease in support of the resale market, such as by enacting restrictions regarding resale policies or partnering with other resale marketplaces on an exclusive basis, could result in reduced demand for our services, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we do not continue to maintain and improve our platform or develop successful new solutions and enhancements or improve existing ones, our business will suffer.

Our ability to attract and retain sellers, buyers and distribution partners depends in large part on our ability to provide a user-friendly and effective platform, develop and improve our platform and introduce compelling new solutions and enhancements. Our industry is characterized by rapidly changing technology, new service and product introductions and changing demands of sellers, buyers and distribution partners. We spend substantial time and resources understanding such parties’ needs and responding to them. Building new solutions is costly and complex, and the timetable for commercial release is difficult to predict and may vary from our historical experience. In addition, after development, sellers, buyers and distribution partners may not be satisfied with our enhancements or perceive that the enhancements do not adequately meet their needs. The success of a new solution or enhancement to our platform can depend on several factors, including timely completion and delivery, competitive pricing, adequate quality testing, integration with our platform, user awareness and overall market acceptance and adoption. If we do not continue to maintain and improve our platform or develop successful new solutions and enhancements or improve existing ones, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

The reputation and brand of our marketplace is important to our success, and if we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business, financial condition and results of operation may be adversely affected.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our reputation and brand as a differentiated ticketing marketplace serving sellers, buyers and distribution partners is critical retaining our relationship with our existing sellers, buyers and distribution partners and to our ability to attract new sellers, buyers and distribution partners. The successful promotion of our brand attributes will depend on a number of factors that we control and some factors outside of our control.

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The promotion of our brand requires us to make substantial expenditures and management investment, which will increase as our market becomes more competitive and as we seek to expand our marketplace. To the extent these activities yield increased revenue, this revenue may not offset the increased expenses we incur. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand and successfully differentiate our marketplace from competitive products and services, our business may not grow, we may not be able to compete effectively and we could lose sellers, buyers or distribution partners or fail to attract potential new sellers, buyers and distribution partners, all of which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

There are also factors outside of our control, which could undermine our reputation and harm our brand. Negative perception of our marketplace may harm our business, including as a result of complaints or negative publicity about us; the promotion on our platform of events that are deemed to be COVID-19 “superspreader” events by the media; our inability to timely comply with local laws, regulations and/or consumer protection related guidance; the use of our platform to sell fraudulent tickets; responsiveness to issues or complaints and timing of refunds and/or reversal of payments on our platform; actual or perceived disruptions or defects in our platform; security incidents; or lack of awareness of our policies or changes to our policies that sellers, buyers or others perceive as overly restrictive, unclear or inconsistent with our values.

If we are unable to maintain a reputable platform that provides valuable solutions and desirable events, then our ability to attract and retain sellers, buyers and distribution partners could be impaired and our reputation, brand and business could be harmed.

Our success depends, in significant part, on concert, sporting and theater events and economic and other factors adversely affecting such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A decline in attendance at, or reduction in the number of, live concert, sporting and theater events may have an adverse effect on our revenue and operating income. In addition, during periods of economic slowdown and recession, many consumers have historically reduced their discretionary spending and advertisers have reduced their advertising expenditures. The impact of economic slowdowns, including the current economic environment due to COVID-19, on our business is difficult to predict, but may result in reductions in ticket sales and our ability to generate revenue. The risks associated with our business may become more acute in periods of a slowing economy or recession, which may be accompanied by a decrease in attendance at live concert, sporting and theater events. Many of the factors affecting the number and availability of live concert, sporting and theater events are beyond our control. For instance, certain sports leagues have experienced labor disputes leading to threatened or actual player lockouts. Any such lockouts that result in shortened or canceled seasons could adversely impact our business both due to the loss of games and ticketing opportunities as well as the possibility of decreased attendance following such a lockout due to adverse fan reaction.

Our business depends on discretionary consumer and corporate spending. Many factors related to corporate spending and discretionary consumer spending, including economic conditions affecting disposable consumer income such as unemployment levels, fuel prices, interest rates, changes in tax rates and tax laws that impact companies or individuals, and inflation can significantly impact our operating results. Business conditions, as well as various industry conditions, including corporate spending, can also significantly impact our operating results as these factors can affect premium seat sales. Negative factors such as challenging economic conditions and public concerns over terrorism and security incidents, particularly when combined, can also impact corporate and consumer spending. In addition, the impact of the economic downturn resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, including a reduction in discretionary spending and confidence for consumers has resulted in a decline in ticket sales and attendance, which has impacted our operating results and growth. There can be no assurance that consumer and corporate spending will not continue to be adversely impacted by current economic conditions, or by any future deterioration in economic conditions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may be adversely affected by the occurrence of extraordinary events, such as terrorist attacks, disease epidemics or pandemics, severe weather events and natural disasters.

The occurrence and threat of extraordinary events, such as terrorist attacks, intentional or unintentional mass-casualty incidents, public health concerns such as contagious disease epidemics or pandemics, natural disasters or similar severe weather events, may deter artists from touring, teams from holding games and/or substantially decrease the use of and demand for our services, which may decrease our revenue or expose us to substantial liability. Terrorism and security incidents in the past, military actions in foreign locations, periodic elevated terrorism alerts and fears from publicized contagious disease epidemics and pandemics have raised numerous challenging operating factors, including public concerns regarding air travel, military actions and additional national or local catastrophic incidents, causing a nationwide disruption of commercial and leisure activities. In the event of actual or threatened terrorism events, some artists may refuse to travel or book tours, which could adversely affect our business. Attendance at events may decline due to fears over terrorism, which could adversely impact our operating results.

Additionally, our business may be adversely affected by disease epidemics or pandemics, severe weather events and natural disasters. The occurrence of these events may deter buyers from attending and purchasing tickets to live concerts, sporting or theater events, which could negatively impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, performers, venues, teams or promoters may decide to cancel concert, sporting and theater events due to social distancing requirements, such as those imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, or due to severe weather events or natural disasters. Cancellations of such events can adversely affect our financial performance, as we are obligated to issue refunds or credits for tickets purchased for those events that are not rescheduled.

We may enter into future acquisitions and take certain actions in connection with such transactions, including actions taken to comply with antitrust, competition and other regulations, that could affect our business and results of operations; if we are unsuccessful in our future acquisition endeavors, our business could be adversely impacted.

Our future growth rate depends in part on our selective acquisition of additional businesses. A portion of our growth has been attributable to acquisitions, such as the acquisition of Fanxchange Limited in 2019. We may be unable to identify other suitable targets for further acquisition or make further acquisitions at favorable prices. If we identify a suitable acquisition candidate, our ability to successfully complete the acquisition would depend on a variety of factors, and may include our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms and requisite government approvals. In addition, our Term Loan Facilities restrict our ability to make certain acquisitions. In connection with future acquisitions, we could take certain actions that could adversely affect our business, including:

In addition, acquisitions involve inherent risks which, if realized, could adversely affect our business and results of operations, including those associated with:

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Our operations are seasonal and our results of operations vary from quarter to quarter and year over year, so our financial performance in certain financial quarters or years may not be indicative of, or comparable to, our financial performance in subsequent financial quarters or years.

We believe our financial results and cash needs will vary greatly from quarter to quarter and year to year depending on, among other things, the timing of tours, tour cancellations, event ticket sales, seasonal and other fluctuations in our operating results, the timing of guaranteed payments, financing activities, acquisitions and investments and receivables management. Because our results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, our financial results for one quarter or year cannot necessarily be compared to another quarter or year and may not be indicative of our future financial performance in subsequent quarters or years. Typically, we experience our lowest financial performance in the first and second quarters of the calendar year due to the timing of large-scale events and concert onsales. In addition, the timing of tours of top grossing acts can impact comparability of quarterly results year over year and potentially annual results. Similarly, the number of games in playoff series and the teams involved can vary year over year and impact our results. The seasonality of our business could create cash flow management risks if we do not adequately anticipate and plan for periods of decreased activity, which could negatively impact our ability to execute on our strategy, which in turn could harm our results of operations. Due to the unprecedented stoppage of concert, sporting and theater events globally in mid-March of 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, we did not experience our typical seasonality trends in 2020.

We rely on the experience and expertise of our senior management team, key technical employees and other highly skilled personnel and the failure to retain, motivate or integrate any of these individuals could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our success depends upon the continued service of our senior management team and key technical employees, as well as our ability to continue to attract and retain additional highly qualified personnel. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, retain and integrate highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Each of our executive officers, key technical personnel and other employees could terminate his or her relationship with us at any time. The loss of any member of our senior management team or key personnel might significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives and could harm our business and our relationships. Competition in our industry for qualified employees is intense. In addition, our compensation arrangements, such as our equity award programs, may not always be successful in attracting new employees and retaining and motivating our existing employees.

We face significant competition for personnel, particularly in Chicago, Illinois and Toronto, Ontario. To attract top talent, we have had to offer, and believe we will need to continue to offer, competitive compensation and benefits packages. We may also need to increase our employee compensation levels in response to competition. In 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we reduced our workforce by approximately 50%. This workforce reduction may hurt our employment brand and may make it more difficult to hire employees in the future. Further, as the economy recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, we may not be able to hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs. If we fail to effectively manage our hiring needs or successfully integrate new hires, our efficiency, ability to meet forecasts and our employee morale, productivity and retention could suffer, which may harm our business.

Impairment of our goodwill could negatively impact our financial results and financial condition.

In accordance with GAAP, we test goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. If the carrying amount of our goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss equal to the excess is recorded. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized a total non-cash impairment charge of $573.8 million, including an

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impairment of goodwill of $377.1 million. As of June 30, 2021, we had goodwill of approximately $683.3 million, which constituted approximately 49% of our total assets at that date. Due to the volatile stock market, the current economic uncertainty and other factors, we cannot provide assurance that remaining goodwill will not be further impaired in future periods. Impairment may result from, among other things, a significant decline in our expected cash flows, an adverse change in the business climate and slower growth rates in our industry. If we are required to record an impairment charge for goodwill in the future, this would adversely impact our financial condition and financial results.

Risks Relating to Government Regulation and Litigation

The processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements or differing applications of privacy regulations.

We receive, transmit and store a large volume of personal data and other user data. Numerous federal, state and international laws address privacy, data protection and the collection, storing, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personal data and other user data. In the United States, numerous states already have, and are looking to expand, data protection legislation requiring companies like ours to consider solutions to meet differing needs and expectations of buyers and sellers. For example, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which took effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA establishes a new privacy framework for covered businesses such as ours, and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur compliance related costs and expenses. The CCPA provides new and enhanced data privacy rights to California residents, including the right to access and delete their personal information, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used and shared. The CCPA also created restrictions on “sales” of personal information that allow California residents to opt-out of certain sharing of their personal information and prohibits covered businesses from discriminating against consumers (e.g., charging more for services) for exercising any of their CCPA rights. The CCPA provides for potentially severe statutory penalties, and a private right of action for data breaches resulting from a failure to implement reasonable security procedures and practices. In addition, in November 2020, California voters approved the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) ballot initiative which introduced significant amendments to the CCPA and established and funded a dedicated California privacy regulator, the California Privacy Protection Agency (“CPPA”). The amendments introduced by the CPRA go into effect on January 1, 2023, and new implementing regulations are expected to be introduced by the CPPA. Some observers have noted that the CCPA and CPRA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States, which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business. Further, on March 2, 2021, the Governor of Virginia signed into law the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or the VCDPA. The VCDPA creates consumer rights, similar to the CCPA, but also imposes security and assessment requirements for businesses. In addition, on July 7, 2021, Colorado enacted the Colorado Privacy Act, or the COCPA, becoming the third comprehensive consumer privacy law to be passed in the United States (after the CCPA and VCDPA). The COCPA closely resembles the VCDPA, and will be enforced by the respective states’ attorney general and district attorneys, although the two differ in many ways and once they become enforceable in 2023, we must comply with each if our operations fall within the scope of these newly enacted comprehensive mandates. Similar laws have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. The enactment of such laws could have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging.

Outside the United States, personal data and other user data is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous jurisdictions around the world, the intent of which is to protect the privacy of information that is collected, processed and transmitted in or from the governing jurisdiction. Foreign data protection, privacy, information security, user protection and other laws and regulations are often more restrictive than those in the United States. In particular, the United Kingdom, the European Union and the European Economic Area (EEA) and their member states traditionally have taken broader views as to types of data that are subject to privacy and data protection laws and regulations, and have imposed greater legal obligations on companies in this regard. For example, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) became effective May 25, 2018. The GDPR applies to any company established in the EEA as well as to those outside the EEA if they collect and use personal data in connection with the offering of goods or services to individuals in the EEA or the monitoring of their behavior. Although we do not currently trigger the application of the GDPR, if we materially alter our operations such that we become established in the EU/UK (e.g. by employing individuals in those locations), begin monitoring individuals in the EU/UK or demonstrate an intention to offer goods and services to individuals in the EU/UK, we will be required

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to comply with the GDPR and applicable UK data privacy laws. The GDPR and UK data privacy laws enhances data protection obligations for processors and controllers of personal data, including, for example, expanded disclosures about how personal information is to be used, limitations on retention of information, mandatory data breach notification requirements and onerous new obligations on services providers. If we are required to comply with the GDPR or UK data privacy laws, this may significantly increase our operational costs and our overall risk exposure.

We are also subject to the Payment Card Industry (“PCI”) Data Security Standard, which is a standard designed to protect credit card account data as mandated by payment card industry entities. We rely on vendors to handle PCI matters and to ensure PCI compliance. Despite our compliance efforts, we may become subject to claims that we have violated the PCI Data Security Standard based on past, present, and future business practices. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with the PCI Data Security Standard can subject us to fines, termination of banking relationships, and increased transaction fees.

The interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws are, and will likely remain, uncertain, and it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or product features. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims and penalties, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products, which could harm our business. In addition to government regulation, privacy advocacy and industry groups may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. Any inability to adequately address privacy, data protection and data security concerns or comply with applicable privacy, data protection or data security laws, regulations, policies and other obligations could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and harm our business.

Our failure, and/or the failure by the various third-party service providers and partners with which we do business, to comply with applicable privacy policies or federal, state or similar international laws and regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection or information security, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release of personal data or other user data, or the perception that any such failure or compromise has occurred, could negatively harm our brand and reputation, result in a loss of sellers, buyers or distribution partners, discourage potential sellers or buyers from trying our platform and/or result in fines and/or proceedings by governmental agencies and/or users, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Unfavorable outcomes in legal proceedings in which we may be involved may adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our results may be affected by the outcome of pending and future litigation. Unfavorable rulings in our legal proceedings may have a negative impact on us that may be greater or smaller depending on the nature of the rulings. In addition, we are currently, and from time to time in the future may be, subject to various other claims, investigations, legal and administrative cases and proceedings (whether civil or criminal) or lawsuits by governmental agencies or private parties. If the results of these investigations, proceedings or suits are unfavorable to us or if we are unable to successfully defend against third-party lawsuits, we may be required to pay monetary damages or may be subject to fines, penalties, injunctions or other censure that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we adequately address the issues raised by an investigation or proceeding or successfully defend a third-party lawsuit or counterclaim, we may have to devote significant financial and management resources to address these issues, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Unfavorable legislative outcomes may adversely affect our industry, our business and our operating results.

In addition to concerns related to network and data security, the collection, transfer, use, disclosure, security and retention of personal or sensitive information and other user data are governed by existing and evolving federal, state and international laws, as described above. We have expended significant capital and other resources to keep abreast of the evolving privacy landscape. However, due to the changes in the data privacy regulatory environment, we may incur additional costs and challenges to our business that restrict or limit our ability to collect, transfer, use, disclose, secure, or retain personal or sensitive information. These changes in data privacy laws may require us to modify our current or future products, services, programs, practices or policies, which may in turn impact the products and services available to our customers.

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Additionally, some states regulate the secondary ticket market, such as by setting maximum resale prices, and any further regulation or unfavorable legislative outcomes imposing additional restrictions on ticket resales may adversely affect our industry, our business and our operating results.

Risks Relating to Information Technology, Cybersecurity and Intellectual Property

The success of our operations depends, in part, on the integrity of our systems and infrastructure, as well as affiliate and third-party computer systems, computer networks and other communication systems. System interruption and the lack of integration and redundancy in these systems and infrastructure may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

System interruption and the lack of integration and redundancy in the information systems and infrastructure, both of our own ticketing systems and other computer systems and of affiliate and third-party software, computer networks and other communications systems service providers on which we rely, may adversely affect our ability to operate websites, process and fulfill transactions, respond to customer inquiries and generally maintain cost-efficient operations. Similarly, due to our reliance on a network of technology systems, many of which are outside of our control, changes to interfaces upon which we rely or a reluctance of our counterparties to continue supporting our systems could lead to technology interruptions. Such interruptions could occur by virtue of natural disaster, malicious actions such as hacking or acts of terrorism or war, or human error. In addition, the loss of some or all of certain key personnel could require us to expend additional resources to continue to maintain our software and systems and could subject us to systems interruptions. The large infrastructure plant that is required to operate our systems requires an ongoing investment of time, money and effort to maintain or refresh hardware and software and to ensure it remains at a level capable of servicing the demand and volume of business that we receive. Failure to do so may result in system instability, degradation in performance, or unfixable security vulnerabilities that could adversely impact both the business and the consumers utilizing our services.

While we have backup systems for certain aspects of our operations, disaster recovery planning by its nature cannot be sufficient for all eventualities. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate for losses from a major interruption. If any of these adverse events were to occur, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Cyber security risks, data loss or other breaches of our network security could materially harm our business and results of operations, and the processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal or sensitive information could give rise to liabilities and additional costs as a result of governmental regulation, litigation and conflicting legal requirements relating to personal privacy rights.

Due to the nature of our business, we process, store, use, transfer and disclose certain personal or sensitive information about our customers and employees. Penetration of our network or other misappropriation or misuse of personal or sensitive information and data, including credit card information and other personal information, could cause interruptions in our operations and subject us to increased costs, litigation, inquiries and actions from governmental authorities, and financial or other liabilities. In addition, security breaches, incidents or the inability to protect information could lead to increased incidents of ticketing fraud and counterfeit tickets. Security breaches and incidents could also significantly damage our reputation with sellers, buyers, distribution partners and other third parties, and could result in significant costs related to remediation efforts, such as credit or identity theft monitoring. Such incidents may occur in the future, resulting in unauthorized, unlawful, or inappropriate access to, inability to access, disclosure of, or loss of the sensitive, proprietary and confidential information that we handle.

Further, ransomware attacks, including those from organized criminal threat actors, nation-states, and nation-state supported actors, are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe, and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, loss of data and income, reputational loss, and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting payments.

Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect customer and employee information and to prevent security breaches or incidents (which could result in data loss or other harm or loss), such measures cannot provide absolute security or certainty. It is possible that advances in computer and hacker capabilities, new variants of malware, the development of new penetration methods and tools, inadvertent violations of company

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policies or procedures or other developments could result in a compromise of customer or employee information or a breach of the technology and security processes that are used to protect customer and employee information. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems may change frequently and as a result, may be difficult for our business to detect for long periods of time. In addition, despite our best efforts, we may be unaware of or unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We have expended significant capital and other resources to protect against and remedy such potential security breaches, incidents and their consequences and will continue to do so in the future.

We also face risks associated with security breaches and incidents affecting third parties with which we are affiliated or with which we otherwise conduct business. In particular, hardware, software or applications we develop or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture and/or may pose a security risk that could unexpectedly compromise information security. Sellers, buyers and distribution partners are generally concerned with the security and privacy of the internet, and any publicized security problems affecting our businesses and/or third parties may discourage sellers, buyers or distribution partners from doing business with us, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Laws in all states and U.S. territories require businesses to notify affected individuals, governmental entities, and/or credit reporting agencies of certain security incidents affecting personal information. Such laws are inconsistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread security incident is complex and costly and may be difficult to implement. Our existing general liability and cyber liability insurance policies may not cover, or may cover only a portion of, any potential claims related to security breaches to which we are exposed or may not be adequate to indemnify us for all or any portion of liabilities that may be imposed. We also cannot be certain that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or in amounts sufficient to cover the potentially significant losses that may result from a security incident or breach or that the insurer will not deny coverage of any future claim.

If we fail to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, our competitive position and our business could be materially adversely affected.

We believe that our proprietary technologies and information, including our software, informational databases, and other components that make our products and services are critical to our success, and we seek to protect our technologies, products and services through a combination of intellectual property rights, including trademarks, domain names, copyrights and trade secrets, as well as through contractual restrictions with employees, customers, suppliers, affiliates and others. Despite our efforts, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property without authorization which, if discovered, might require legal action to correct. In addition, third parties may independently and lawfully develop products or services substantially similar to ours. We do not currently hold patents over our technology. We seek to protect our trade secrets and proprietary know-how and technology methods through confidentiality agreements and other access control measures. Failure of such strategies to protect our technology or our inability to protect patents in the future to the extent we obtain them could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have been granted trademark registrations with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and/or various foreign authorities for certain of our brands. Our existing or future trademarks may be adjudicated invalid by a court or may not afford us adequate protection against competitors.

We cannot be certain that the measures we implement will prevent infringement, misappropriation or other violations of our intellectual property rights, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as they do in the United States. Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights in a meaningful manner or challenges to our related contractual rights could result in erosion of our brand names or other intellectual property and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights claimed by others. Any litigation of this nature, regardless of outcome or merit, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management and technical resources, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may face potential liability and expense for legal claims alleging that the operation of our business infringes intellectual property rights of third parties, who may assert claims against us for unauthorized use of such rights.

We cannot be certain that the operation of our business does not, or will not, infringe or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties. From time to time, we have been and may in the future be, subject to legal proceedings and claims alleging that we infringe or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of third parties. These claims, whether or not successful, could divert management time and attention away from our business and harm our reputation and financial condition. In addition, the outcome of litigation is uncertain, and third parties asserting claims could secure a judgment awarding substantial damages, as well as injunctive or other equitable relief against us, which could require us to rebrand, redesign, or reengineer our platform, products or services, and/or effectively block our ability to distribute, market or sell our products and services.

Our payments system depends on third-party providers and is subject to risks that may harm our business.

We rely on third-party providers to support our payment system, as our buyers primarily use credit cards to purchase tickets on our marketplace. Nearly all our revenue is associated with payments processed through a single provider, which relies on banks and payment card networks to process transactions. If this provider or any of its vendors do not operate well with our platform, our payments systems and our business could be adversely affected. If this provider does not perform adequately, determines certain types of transactions are prohibitive for any reason, if this provider’s technology does not interoperate well with our platform, or if our relationships with this provider, the bank or the payment card networks on which it relies were to terminate unexpectedly, buyers may find our platform more difficult to use. Such an outcome could harm the ability of sellers to use our platform, which could cause them to use our platform less and harm our business.

Our payment processing partner requires us to comply with payment card network operating rules, which are set and interpreted by the payment card networks. The payment card networks could adopt new operating rules or interpret or re-interpret existing rules in ways that might prohibit us from providing certain services to some buyers or sellers, be costly to implement or difficult to follow. We are required to reimburse our payment processor for fines assessed by payment card networks if we, or buyers or sellers using our platform, violate these rules, such as our processing of various types of transactions that may be interpreted as a violation of certain payment card network operating rules. Changes to these rules and requirements, or any change in our designation by payment card networks, could require a change in our business operations and could result in limitations on or loss of our ability to accept payment cards, any of which could negatively impact our business.

Additionally, while we deploy sophisticated technology to detect fraudulent purchase activity, we may incur losses if we fail to prevent the use of fraudulent credit card information on transactions in the future. Fraud schemes are becoming increasingly sophisticated and common, and our ability to detect and combat fraudulent schemes may be negatively impacted by the adoption of new payment methods and new technology platforms. If we or this provider fail to identify fraudulent activity or are unable to effectively combat the use of fraudulent credit cards on our platform or if we otherwise experience increased levels of disputed credit card payments, our results of operations and financial positions could be materially adversely affected.

Finally, payment card networks and our payment processing partner could increase the fees they charge us for their services, which would increase our operating costs and reduce our margins. Any such increase in fees could also harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness

We are party to debt agreements that restrict our operations and impair our financial condition. The agreements governing our indebtedness impose restrictions on us that limit the discretion of management in operating our business and that, in turn, could impair our ability to meet our obligations under our debt.

The agreements governing our Term Loan Facilities (as defined in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”) include restrictive covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to:

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In addition, our Term Loan Facilities include other restrictions. Our failure to comply with the terms and covenants of our indebtedness could lead to a default under the terms of the governing documents, which would entitle the lenders to accelerate the indebtedness and declare all amounts owed due and payable.

As of June 30, 2021, our total indebtedness, excluding unamortized debt discounts and debt issuance costs of $14.9 million, was $910.7 million. The gross proceeds from the PIPE Subscription and funds held in the Trust Account were used to, among other things, repay our Term Loan Facilities in an amount of $482.4 million. We may also incur significant additional indebtedness in the future.

Our substantial indebtedness could have adverse consequences, including:

We depend on the cash flows of our subsidiaries in order to satisfy our obligations.

We rely on distributions and loans from our subsidiaries to meet our payment requirements under our obligations. If our subsidiaries are unable to pay dividends or otherwise make payments to us, we may not be able to make debt service payments on our obligations. Subject to certain exceptions, each of our subsidiaries guarantees our indebtedness under our Term Loan Facilities. We conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries. Our operating cash flows and consequently our ability to service our debt is therefore principally dependent upon our subsidiaries’ earnings and their distributions of those earnings to us and may also be dependent upon loans or other

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payments of funds to us by those subsidiaries. In addition, the ability of our subsidiaries to provide funds to us may be subject to restrictions under our Term Loan Facilities and may be subject to the terms of such subsidiaries’ future indebtedness, as well as the availability of sufficient surplus funds under applicable law.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows or raise the additional capital necessary to fund our operations or other liquidity needs.

As of June 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $460.9 million. The remaining cash and cash equivalents balance is available to us to fund our operating, investing and financing activities. In addition, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has drastically changed the landscape of the concerts, sporting and theater events industries, we experienced a significant decrease in our revenues as a result of decreased volume in 2020. Our revenues were $35 million and $469 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and the net cash provided by (used in) operating activities was $(33.9) million and $76.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were $139.6 million and the net cash provided by operating activities was $183 million. There is significant uncertainty regarding the extent and duration of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our business, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we expect.

We may need to raise additional funds, and we may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, if at all. Our ability to obtain financing will depend on a number of factors, including:

We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that we will be able to obtain financing, in an amount sufficient to fund our operations or other liquidity needs. If we raise additional equity financing, our security holders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock.

If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, if at all, we may not be able to, among other things:

Our inability to do any of the foregoing could reduce our ability to compete successfully and could have an adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

Our Private Equity Owner controls us, and its interests may conflict with ours or yours in the future.

Hoya Topco, which is controlled by our Private Equity Owner and its affiliates, controls approximately 60.6% of the voting power of our outstanding common stock, which means that, based on its percentage voting power controlled, our Private Equity Owner will control the vote of all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. This

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control will enable our Private Equity Owner to control the election of the members of our board of directors (the “Board”) (subject to the terms of that certain Stockholders’ Agreement, by and among us, Sponsor and Hoya Topco (the “Stockholders’ Agreement”)) and all other corporate decisions. Even when our Private Equity Owner ceases to control a majority of the total voting power, for so long as our Private Equity Owner continues to own a significant percentage of our common stock, our Private Equity Owner will still be able to significantly influence the composition of our Board and the approval of actions requiring shareholder approval. Accordingly, for such period of time, our Private Equity Owner will have significant influence with respect to our management, business plans and policies, including the appointment and removal of our officers, decisions on whether to raise future capital and amending our charter and bylaws, which govern the rights attached to our common stock. In particular, for so long as our Private Equity Owner continues to own a significant percentage of our common stock, our Private Equity Owner will be able to cause or prevent a change of control of us or a change in the composition of the Board and could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of us. The concentration of ownership could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your shares of Class A common stock as part of a sale of us and ultimately might affect the market price of the Class A common stock.

In connection with the Business Combination, we entered into the Stockholders’ Agreement with Hoya Topco, which is controlled by our Private Equity Owner, that provides the Topco Equityholders (as defined herein) the right to nominate (i) five (5) directors to the Board, so long as the Topco Equityholders, in the aggregate, beneficially own at least 24% of the aggregate number of shares of our common stock that were issued and outstanding on the Closing Date (the “Closing Amount”), of which at least one (1) will qualify as an “independent director” under applicable stock exchange regulations, (ii) four (4) directors to the Board, so long as the Topco Equityholders, in the aggregate, beneficially own at least 18% but less than 24% of the Closing Amount, (iii) three (3) directors to the Board, so long as the Topco Equityholders, in the aggregate, beneficially own at least 12% but less than 18% of the Closing Amount, (iv) two (2) directors to the Board, so long as the Topco Equityholders, in the aggregate, beneficially own at least 6% but less than 12% of the Closing Amount and (v) until the date the Topco Equityholders, in the aggregate, beneficially own a number of voting shares representing less than five percent (5%) of the aggregate number of shares of our common stock held, directly or indirectly, by the Topco Equityholders on the Closing Date, one (1) director to the Board. Pursuant to the foregoing provisions of the Stockholder’s Agreement, our Private Equity Owner is able to designate the majority of the directors of our Board and generally have control over our business and affairs.

Our Private Equity Owner and its affiliates engage in a broad spectrum of activities, including investments in our industry generally. In the ordinary course of their business activities, our Private Equity Owner and its affiliates may engage in activities where their interests conflict with our interests or those of our other shareholders, such as investing in or advising businesses that directly or indirectly compete with certain portions of our business or are suppliers or customers of ours. Our Charter provides that none of our Private Equity Owner, any of its affiliates or any director who is not employed by us (including any non-employee director who serves as one of our officers in both his or her director and officer capacities) or its affiliates will have any duty to refrain from engaging, directly or indirectly, in the same business activities or similar business activities or lines of business in which we operate. Our Private Equity Owner also may pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. In addition, our Private Equity Owner may have an interest in pursuing acquisitions, divestitures and other transactions that, in its judgment, could enhance its investment, even though such transactions might involve risks to you or may not prove beneficial.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq listing standards and, as a result, rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

We qualify as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that (i) a majority of our board of directors consist of independent directors, (ii) we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors and (iii) director nominees be selected or recommended to the board by independent directors.

We rely on certain of these exemptions. As a result, we do not have a compensation committee consisting entirely of independent directors and our directors are not be nominated or selected solely by independent directors.

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We may also rely on the other exemptions so long as we qualify as a controlled company. To the extent we rely on any of these exemption, holders of our Class A common stock will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

Our only material asset is our direct and indirect interests in Hoya Intermediate, and we are accordingly dependent upon distributions from Hoya Intermediate to pay dividends, taxes and other expenses, including payments we are required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

We are a holding company with no material assets other than our direct and indirect ownership of equity interests in Hoya Intermediate. As such, we do not have any independent means of generating revenue. We intend to cause Hoya Intermediate to make distributions to its members, including us, in an amount at least sufficient to allow us to pay all applicable taxes, to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement we entered into with Hoya Intermediate, the TRA Holder Representative, Hoya Topco and the other TRA Holders, and to pay our corporate and other overhead expenses. To the extent that we need funds, and Hoya Intermediate is restricted from making such distributions under applicable laws or regulations, or is otherwise unable to provide such funds, it could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.

The Tax Receivable Agreement requires us to make cash payments to Hoya Topco (or other parties that become entitled to rights to payment under the Tax Receivable Agreement) in respect of certain tax benefits and such payments may be substantial. In certain cases, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may (i) exceed any actual tax benefits or (ii) be accelerated.

At the Closing of the Business Combination, we, Hoya Intermediate, the TRA Holder Representative, Hoya Topco and the other TRA Holders entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, we are generally required to pay Hoya Topco and the other TRA Holders 85% of the amount of savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign taxes that are based on, or measured with respect to, net income or profits, and any interest related thereto that we (and applicable consolidated, unitary, or combined subsidiaries thereof, if any and collectively the “Tax Group”) realize, or are deemed to realize, as a result of certain tax attributes (the “Tax Attributes”), including:

Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement generally will be based on the tax reporting positions that we determine (with the amount of subject payments determined in consultation with an advisory firm and subject to the TRA Holder Representative’s review and consent), and the IRS or another taxing authority may challenge all or any part of a position taken with respect to Tax Attributes or the utilization thereof, as well as other tax positions that we take, and a court may sustain such a challenge. In the event that any Tax Attributes initially claimed or utilized by the Tax Group are disallowed, the TRA Holders will not be required to reimburse us for any excess payments that may previously have been made pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, for example, due to adjustments resulting from examinations by taxing authorities. Rather, any excess payments made to such TRA Holders will be applied against and reduce any future cash payments otherwise required to be made by us to the applicable TRA Holders

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under the Tax Receivable Agreement, after the determination of such excess. However, a challenge to any Tax Attributes initially claimed or utilized by the Tax Group may not arise for a number of years following the initial time of such payment and, even if challenged earlier, such excess cash payment may be greater than the amount of future cash payments that we might otherwise be required to make under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement. As a result, there might not be future cash payments against which such excess can be applied and we could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement in excess of the Tax Group’s actual savings in respect of the Tax Attributes.

Moreover, the Tax Receivable Agreement provides that, in certain early termination events (including certain changes of control, material breaches, or at our option subject to the approval of a majority of our independent directors), we will be required to make a lump-sum cash payment to all the TRA Holders equal to the present value of all forecasted future payments that would have otherwise been made under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which lump-sum payment would be based on certain assumptions, including those relating to there being sufficient future taxable income of the Tax Group to fully utilize the Tax Attributes over certain specified time periods and that all Intermediate Common Units (including Intermediate Common Units held by Blocker Corporations) that had not yet been exchanged for are deemed exchanged. The lump-sum payment could be material and could materially exceed any actual tax benefits that the Tax Group realizes subsequent to such payment.

Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be our obligations and not obligations of Hoya Intermediate. Any actual increase in our allocable share of Hoya Intermediate and its relevant subsidiaries’ tax basis in relevant assets, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of exchanges, the market price of our Class A common stock at the time of an exchange of Intermediate Common Units by a TRA Holder pursuant to the terms of the Second A&R LLCA and the amount and timing of the recognition of the Tax Group’s income for applicable tax purposes. While many of the factors that will determine the amount of payments that we will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement are outside of our control, the aggregate payments we will be required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement could be substantial. There can be no assurance that we will be able to finance our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement in a manner that does not adversely affect its working capital and growth requirements.

Any payments made by us under the Tax Receivable Agreement will generally reduce the amount of overall cash flow that might have otherwise been available to us. To the extent that we are unable to make timely payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, the unpaid amounts will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid. Additionally, nonpayment for a specified period and/or under certain circumstances may constitute a material breach of a material obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement and therefore accelerate payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Furthermore, our future obligation to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement could make us a less attractive target for an acquisition, particularly in the case of an acquirer that cannot use some or all of the Tax Attributes that may be deemed realized under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

In certain circumstances, Hoya Intermediate will be required to make distributions to us and Hoya Topco, and the distributions that Hoya Intermediate will be required to make may be substantial.

Hoya Intermediate is treated, and will continue to be treated, as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, generally is not subject to U.S. federal income tax. Instead, its taxable income is generally allocated to its members, including us. Pursuant to the Second A&R LLCA, Hoya Intermediate will make cash distributions, or tax distributions, to the members, including us, calculated using an assumed tax rate, to provide liquidity to its members to pay taxes on such member’s allocable share of the cumulative taxable income, reduced by cumulative taxable losses. Under applicable tax rules, Hoya Intermediate will be required to allocate net taxable income disproportionately to its members in certain circumstances. Because tax distributions may be made on a pro rata basis to all members and such tax distributions may be determined based on the member who is allocated the largest amount of taxable income on a per Intermediate Common Unit basis and an assumed tax rate that is the highest tax rate applicable to any member, Hoya Intermediate may be required to make tax distributions that, in the aggregate, exceed the amount of taxes that Hoya Intermediate would have paid if it were taxed on its net income at the assumed rate.

As a result of (i) potential differences in the amount of net taxable income allocable to us and to Hoya Topco, (ii) the lower maximum tax rate applicable to corporations than individuals and (iii) the use of an assumed tax rate in

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calculating Hoya Intermediate’s distribution obligations, we may receive distributions significantly in excess of our actual tax liabilities and our obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. If we do not distribute such cash balances as dividends on our Class A common stock and instead, for example, hold such cash balances or lend them to Hoya Intermediate, Hoya Topco would benefit from any value attributable to such accumulated cash balances as a result of its right to acquire shares of our Class A common stock or, at our election, an amount of cash equal to the fair market value thereof, in exchange for its Intermediate Common Units. We will have no obligation to distribute such cash balances to our shareholders, and no adjustments will be made to the consideration provided to an exchanging holder in connection with a direct exchange or redemption of Hoya Intermediate limited liability company interests under the Second A&R LLCA as a result of any retention of cash by us.

If we were deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

An issuer will generally be deemed to be an “investment company” for purposes of the Investment Company Act if:

We believe that we are engaged primarily in the business of providing ticketing services and not primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. We hold ourselves out as a full-service ticketing marketplace and do not propose to engage primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Accordingly, we do not believe that we or Hoya Intermediate is an “orthodox” investment company as described in the first bullet point above. Furthermore, we treat Hoya Intermediate as a majority-owned subsidiary for purposes of the Investment Company Act. Therefore, we believe that less than 40% of our total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis comprise assets that could be considered investment securities. Accordingly, we do not believe that we or Hoya Intermediate is an inadvertent investment company by virtue of the 40% inadvertent investment company test as described in the second bullet point above. In addition, we believe we are not an investment company under section 3(b)(1) of the Investment Company Act because we are primarily engaged in a non-investment company business.

The Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder contain detailed parameters for the organization and operations of investment companies. Among other things, the Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder limit or prohibit transactions with affiliates, impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities, prohibit the issuance of stock options, and impose certain governance requirements. We intend to continue to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act. However, if anything were to happen that would cause us to be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, requirements imposed by the Investment Company Act, including limitations on our capital structure, ability to transact business with affiliates (including Hoya Intermediate) and ability to compensate key employees, could make it impractical for us to continue our business as currently conducted, impair the agreements and arrangements between and among Hoya Intermediate, us or our senior management team, or any combination thereof and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect to continue to pay dividends to our stockholders, but our ability to do so is subject to the discretion of our Board and may be limited by our holding company structure and applicable provisions of Delaware law.

Although we expect to pay cash dividends to our stockholders, our Board may, in its discretion, increase or decrease the level of dividends or discontinue the payment of dividends entirely. In addition, as a holding company, we are dependent upon the ability of Hoya Intermediate to generate earnings and cash flows and distribute them to us so that we may pay our obligations and expenses (including our taxes and payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement) and pay dividends to our stockholders. We expect to cause Hoya Intermediate to make distributions to its members, including us. However, the ability of Hoya Intermediate to make such distributions is subject to its operating

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results, cash requirements and financial condition, restrictive covenants in our debt instruments and applicable Delaware law (which may limit the amount of funds available for distribution to its members). Our ability to declare and pay dividends to our stockholders is likewise subject to Delaware law (which may limit the amount of funds available for dividends). If, as a consequence of these various limitations and restrictions, we are unable to generate sufficient distributions from our business, we may not be able to make, or may be required to reduce or eliminate, the payment of dividends on our Class A common stock.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

The market price and trading volume of our securities may be volatile.

Securities markets worldwide experience significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions, could reduce the market price of our Class A common stock and warrants in spite of our operating performance. We cannot assure you that the market price of our Class A common stock and warrants will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could harm our business.

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We may be subject to securities class action litigation, which may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and damages, and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may also be called on to defend ourselves against lawsuits relating to our business operations. Some of these claims may seek significant damage amounts due to the nature of our business. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such proceedings. A future on-payment outcome in a legal proceeding could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, current and future litigation, regardless of its merits, could result in substantial legal fees, settlement or judgment costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources that are needed to successfully run our business.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, which may result in material misstatements of our financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.

As a public company, we will be required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Prior to the Business Combination, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the audit of our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, we identified deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting, which in the aggregate, constitute a material weakness. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We determined that we had deficiencies related to implementation of segregation of duties as part of our control activities, establishment of clearly defined roles within our finance and accounting functions and the number of personnel in our finance and accounting functions with an appropriate level of technical accounting and SEC reporting experience, which in the aggregate, constitute a material weakness.

To address this material weakness, we plan to hire additional qualified personnel and establish more robust processes to support our internal control over financial reporting, including clearly defined roles and responsibilities and appropriate segregation of duties. While we intend to implement a plan to remediate this material weakness, we cannot predict the success of such plan or the outcome of our assessment of this plan at this time. If our steps are insufficient to successfully remediate the material weakness and otherwise establish and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, the reliability of our financial reporting, investor confidence in us, and the value of our common stock could be materially and adversely affected. We can give no assurance that this implementation will remediate this deficiency in internal control or that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of our financial statements, or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable and timely financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to reasonably detect and prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations. For as long as we are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404. We could be an “emerging growth company” for up to five years. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

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We will be obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting in order to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and these internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

We are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of controls over financial reporting. Additionally, once we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” we will be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. An adverse report may be issued in the event our independent registered public accounting firm is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal controls, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the entity’s financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected on a timely basis. A significant deficiency is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal controls that is less severe than a material weakness, yet important enough to merit attention by those charged with governance. When evaluating our internal control over financial reporting, we may identify material weaknesses that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the applicable deadline imposed upon us for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. If we identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is ineffective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we could fail to meet our reporting obligations or be required to restate our financial statements for prior periods. Investors may also lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our Class A common stock and warrants could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

The obligations associated with being a public company will involve significant expenses and will require significant resources and management attention, which may divert from our business operations.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Exchange Act requires the filing of annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to a public company’s business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that a public company establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we are incurring, and will continue to incur, significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur prior to the Business Combination. Our management team and many of our other employees devote substantial time to compliance, and may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition into a public company.

These rules and regulations have resulted, and will continue to result, in us incurring substantial legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, these rules and regulations will likely make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

We are an emerging growth company, and any decision on our part to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our Class A common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, and, for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to “emerging growth companies,” including:

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We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive if we choose to rely on any of the exemptions afforded emerging growth companies. If some investors find our securities less attractive because we rely on any of these exemptions, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the market price of those securities may be more volatile.

Further, the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a registration statement under the Securities Act declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company, which is neither an emerging growth company nor a company that has opted out of using the extended transition period, difficult because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

A significant portion of our total outstanding shares of our Class A common stock are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Subject to certain exceptions, pursuant to the Stockholders’ Agreement, Sponsor and Hoya Topco are contractually restricted during the Lock-up Period from transferring any lock-up shares; provided that each of the Sponsor and Hoya Topco may transfer fifty percent of their lock-up shares on the date that is six months following the Closing Date and the remaining lock-up shares on any date, at least six months following the Closing Date, on which (i) the price per lock-up share exceeds $15.00 per share for 20 trading days within a 30 day trading period and (ii) the average daily trading volume exceeds one million shares of our Class A common stock during such 30 trading day period.

Following the expiration of the Lock-up Period, neither Sponsor nor Hoya Topco will be restricted from selling shares of our Class A common stock held by them or that may be received by them in exchange for Intermediate Common Units, Class B common stock or warrants, as the case may be, other than by applicable securities laws. As such, sales of a substantial number of shares of Class A common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of Class A common stock. As of the date of this prospectus, Sponsor and the PIPE Investors collectively own approximately 81.96% of our Class A common stock and Hoya Topco owns 100% of our Class B common stock, translating to a 60.6% voting interest.

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As restrictions on resale end and registration statements for the sale of shares of our Class A common stock, Class B common stock and warrants by the parties to the Registration Rights Agreement are available for use, the sale or possibility of sale of these shares of our Class A common stock, Class B common stock (after conversion to Class A common stock) and warrants could have the effect of increasing the volatility in the market price of Class A common stock or warrants, or decreasing the market price itself.

Warrants will become exercisable for our Class A common stock, which will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

As of October 31, 2021, there are 24,652,569 outstanding warrants to purchase 24,652,569 shares of our Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, which warrants will become exercisable 30 days following the Closing. In addition, Sponsor will hold 17,000,000 warrants for Class A common stock with an exercise price of $10.00 (“Vivid Seats PubCo $10.00 Exercise Warrants”) and 17,000,000 warrants for Class A common stock with an exercise price of $15.00 (“Vivid Seats PubCo $15.00 Exercise Warrants”). To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of our Class A common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Class A common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

In addition, Hoya Topco holds 6,000,000 Class B Warrants. Upon exercise of a Hoya Intermediate Warrant by Hoya Topco, a corresponding Class B Warrant will be exercised automatically. Prior to the exercise of any such warrants, Hoya Topco owns 118,200,000 shares of our Class B common stock, translating to an approximate 60.6% of our voting power. Such Class B common stock is cancelable upon the issuance of a share of Class A common stock in exchange for Intermediate Common Units held by Hoya Topco.

An active trading market for our securities may not be maintained.

We can provide no assurance that we will be able to maintain an active trading market for our Class A common stock and warrants on Nasdaq or any other exchange in the future. If an active market for our securities is not maintained, or if we fail to satisfy the continued listing standards of Nasdaq for any reason and our securities are delisted, it may be difficult for our security holders to sell their securities without depressing the market price for the securities or at all. An inactive trading market may also impair our ability to both raise capital by selling shares of capital stock and acquire other complementary products, technologies or businesses by using our shares of capital stock as consideration.

Securities analysts may not publish favorable research or reports about our business or may publish no information at all, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

The trading market for our securities will be influenced to some extent by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us and our business. We will not control these analysts, and the analysts who publish information about our company may have relatively little experience with us or our industry, which could affect their ability to accurately forecast our results and could make it more likely that we fail to meet their estimates. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us provide inaccurate research or issue an adverse opinion regarding our stock price, our stock price could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports covering us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

We may amend the terms of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants in a manner that may be adverse to holders of Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants with the approval by the holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants. As a result, the exercise price of your Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants could be increased, the exercise period could be shortened and the number of shares of Class A common stock purchasable upon exercise of a Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrant could be decreased, all without a Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrant holder’s approval.

Our Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants are issued in registered form under an amended and restated warrant agreement (the “Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement”) with Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent. The Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement provides that the terms of the Vivid Seats Public IPO

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Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval by the holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 65% of the then outstanding Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants approve of such amendment. Although our ability to amend the terms of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants with the consent of at least 65% of the then outstanding Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants is unlimited, examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants, convert the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants into cash or Class A common stock, shorten the exercise period or decrease the number of shares of Class A common stock purchasable upon exercise of a Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrant.

Registration of the shares of our Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants under the Securities Act may not be in place when an investor desires to exercise Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants.

Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement, we are obligated to file and maintain an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of shares of our Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants and thereafter will use our commercially reasonable efforts to maintain a current prospectus relating to the Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants, until the expiration of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants in accordance with the provisions of the Amended and Restated Warrant Agreement. We cannot assure you that we will be able to do so if, for example, any facts or events arise which represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement or prospectus, the financial statements contained or incorporated by reference therein are not current or correct or the SEC issues a stop order. If the shares issuable upon exercise of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants are not registered under the Securities Act, we are required to permit holders to exercise their Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants on a cashless basis. However, no Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrant will be exercisable for cash or on a cashless basis, and we will not be obligated to issue any shares to holders seeking to exercise their warrants, unless the issuance of the shares upon such exercise is registered or qualified under the securities laws of the state of the exercising holder, or an exemption from registration is available. If and when the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying shares of common stock for sale under all applicable state securities laws.

We may redeem your unexpired Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to holders of such warrants, thereby making their Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants worthless.

We have the ability to redeem outstanding Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of our Class A common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we give proper notice of such redemption and provided certain other conditions are met. If and when the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants become redeemable by us, we may not exercise our redemption right if the issuance of shares of our Class A common stock upon exercise of the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants is not exempt from registration or qualification under applicable state blue sky laws or we are unable to effect such registration or qualification. We will use our commercially reasonable efforts to register or qualify such shares of Class A common stock under the blue sky laws of the state of residence in those states in which the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants were offered by us in Horizon’s initial public offering. Redemption of the outstanding Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants could force you to: (i) exercise your Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) sell your Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your warrants or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants.

None of the Vivid Seats Private Placement IPO Warrants issued to Sponsor in a private placement that occurred concurrently with Horizon’s initial public offering will be redeemable by us.

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Provisions in our organizational documents and certain rules imposed by regulatory authorities may delay or prevent our acquisition by a third-party.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “Amended and Restated Charter”) and our amended and restated bylaws (the “Amended and Restated Bylaws”) contain several provisions that may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire control of us without the approval of our Board. These provisions, which may delay, prevent or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer, proxy contest or other transaction that stockholders may consider favorable, include the following:

These provisions of the Amended and Restated Charter and Amended and Restated Bylaws could discourage potential takeover attempts and reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of Class A common stock in the future, which could reduce the market price of Class A common stock. For more information, see “Description of Capital Stock.”

The provisions of our Amended and Restated Charter requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers.

Our Amended and Restated Charter provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless we provide consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, employee or stockholder to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”), our Amended and Restated Charter or our Amended and Restated Bylaws or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, provided that this provision, including for any “derivative action,” will not apply to suits to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our Amended and Restated Charter further provides that the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. By becoming a stockholder in our company, you will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the exclusive forum provisions of our Amended and Restated Charter. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such a provision relating to causes of action arising under the Securities Act, and investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

These provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that, in connection with any applicable action brought against us, a court could find the choice of forum provisions contained in our Amended and Restated Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in such action.

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Our historical financial results and unaudited pro forma financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus may not be indicative of what our actual financial position or results of operations would have been if we had been a public company.

Our historical financial results included in this prospectus do not reflect the financial condition, results of operations or cash flows we would have achieved as a public company during the periods presented or those we will achieve in the future. Our financial condition and future results of operations could be materially different from amounts reflected in our historical financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, so it may be difficult for investors to compare our future results to historical results or to evaluate our relative performance or trends in our business.

Similarly, the unaudited pro forma financial information in this prospectus is presented for illustrative purposes only and has been prepared based on a number of assumptions including, but not limited to, us being treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes in the Business Combination, our total debt obligations and cash and cash equivalents on the date the Business Combination closed and the number of Horizon’s public shares that were redeemed in connection with the Business Combination. Accordingly, such pro forma financial information may not be indicative of our future operating or financial performance and our actual financial condition and results of operations may vary materially from the pro forma results of operations and balance sheet contained elsewhere in this prospectus, including as a result of such assumptions not being accurate. See “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.”

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USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the shares of Class A common stock and warrants offered by the selling shareholders named herein (the “Selling Shareholders”) pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Shareholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.

The Selling Shareholders will pay any underwriting fees, discounts, selling commissions, stock transfer taxes and certain legal expenses incurred by such Selling Shareholders in disposing of their shares of Class A common stock and warrants, and we will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of such securities covered by this prospectus, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accountants.

We will receive any proceeds from the exercise of the warrants for cash, but not from the sale of the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon such exercise. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the warrants, if any, for general corporate purposes.

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MARKET PRICE OF OUR CLASS A COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDENDS

Market Information

Our Class A common stock and our Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “SEAT” and “SEATW,” respectively.

As of October 31, 2021, there were 76,948,433 shares of our Class A common stock outstanding, held of record by 13 holders and 18,132,778 of our Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants, held of record by two holders. The number of record holders of our Class A common stock and our Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants does not include The Depository Trust Company participants or beneficial owners holding shares through nominee names.

There is no established public trading market for our Class B common stock. At October 31, 2021, our Class B common stock was held by one shareholder and there were 118,200,000 shares of Class B common stock outstanding.

Dividend Policy

Vivid Seats PubCo was incorporated on March 29, 2021 for the purpose of consummating the Business Combination. On November 2, 2021, Vivid Seats PubCo paid a special dividend of $0.23 per share of Class A common stock.

Vivid Seats PubCo is a holding company with no material assets other than its direct and indirect ownership of equity interests in Hoya Intermediate. As such, we do not have any independent means of generating revenue. However, our management expects to cause Hoya Intermediate to make distributions to its members, including us, in an amount at least sufficient to allow us to pay all applicable taxes, to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and to pay our corporate and other overhead expenses.

Although we expect to pay cash dividends in the future, the payment of cash dividends on shares of our Class A common stock will be within the discretion of our Board at such time, and will depend on numerous factors, including:

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Introduction

The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is provided to assist you in your analysis of the financial aspects of the Business Combination and PIPE Subscription (as defined below) (collectively, the “Transactions”). The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X and should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes. Vivid Seats PubCo has elected not to present management’s adjustments in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information. The adjustments presented in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information have been identified and presented to provide relevant information necessary for an understanding of the combined company upon consummation of the Transactions.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of June 30, 2021 combines the unaudited condensed balance sheet of Horizon as of June 30, 2021 with the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet of Hoya Intermediate as of June 30, 2021, giving effect to the Transactions and related adjustments as if they had been consummated on that date. In connection with the Transactions, Horizon merged with and into Vivid Seats PubCo. Upon Closing, the separate corporate existence of Horizon ceased and Vivid Seats PubCo became the surviving entity.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 combines the unaudited condensed statement of operations of Horizon for the six months ended June 30, 2021 with the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations of Hoya Intermediate for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and gives effect to the Transactions as if they had occurred on January 1, 2020.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 combines the audited statement of operations of Horizon for the year ended December 31, 2020 with the audited consolidated statement of operations of Hoya Intermediate for the year ended December 31, 2020 and gives effect to the Transactions as if they had occurred on January 1, 2020.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information was derived from, and should be read in conjunction with, the historical audited financial statements of Horizon and Hoya Intermediate as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the historical unaudited financial statements of Horizon and Hoya Intermediate as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The unaudited transaction accounting adjustments reflected in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information represent management’s estimates based on information available as of the date of preparation and are subject to change as additional information becomes available and further analyses are performed. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and does not necessarily reflect what the combined company’s financial condition or results of operations would have been had the Transactions occurred on the dates indicated. Further, the pro forma condensed combined financial information may not be useful in predicting the future financial condition and results of operations of the combined company. The actual financial position and results of operations may differ significantly from the pro forma amounts reflected herein due to a variety of factors. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information should be read together with the other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Description of the Business Combination

On April 21, 2021, Horizon and Vivid Seats PubCo entered into the Transaction Agreement by and among Horizon, Sponsor, Hoya Topco, Hoya Intermediate, and Vivid Seats PubCo. The Transactions, which closed on October 18, 2021, were effectuated in the following principal steps:

(a) Horizon merged with and into Vivid Seats PubCo, upon which the separate corporate existence of Horizon ceased and Vivid Seats PubCo became the surviving corporation;

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(b) Each Horizon warrant that was outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”) became a Vivid Seats PubCo warrant exercisable for our Class A common stock in accordance with the terms of the applicable warrant agreement;

(c) Certain third-party investors purchased an aggregate of 47,517,173 shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the Subscription Agreements (the “PIPE Subscription”);

(d) Vivid Seats PubCo purchased from Crescent Mezzanine Partners VIB, L.P., Crescent Mezzanine Partners VIC, L.P., Crescent Mezzanine Partners VIC, L.P., NPS/Crescent Strategic Partnership II, LP and Crescent Mezzanine Partners VIIB, L.P. all of the outstanding equity interests of CM6B Vivid Equity, Inc., CM6C Vivid Equity, Inc., CM7B VS Equity, LLC and CM7C VS Equity, LLC, each a Delaware corporation in exchange for cash;

(e) Vivid Seats PubCo contributed cash to Hoya Intermediate in exchange for Intermediate Common Units and warrants to purchase Intermediate Common Units;

(f) Hoya Intermediate redeemed 100% of the Intermediate Common Units held by Crescent Mezzanine Partners VI, L.P., Crescent Mezzanine Partners VII, L.P., Crescent Mezzanine Partners VII (LTL), L.P., and CBDC Universal Equity, Inc. in exchange for cash in the “Crescent Redemption”;

(g) Hoya Topco, LLC subscribed for newly issued Class B common stock and warrants to purchase Class B common stock; and

(h) Hoya Intermediate contributed cash to Hoya Midco, LLC, which Hoya Midco, LLC used to repay its existing debt obligations, resulting in the full repayment of Vivid Seats’ May 2020 First Lien Loan and a partial repayment of Vivid Seats’ June 2017 First Lien Loan.

As a result of the Transactions, Hoya Topco holds 60.6% of the issued and outstanding Intermediate Common Units and Vivid Seats PubCo holds 39.4% of the Intermediate Common Units and has control over Hoya Intermediate through its voting power, which interests are controlled by our Private Equity Owner for so long as it controls Hoya Topco. Following the consummation of the Transactions, Vivid Seats PubCo’s assets consist of its direct and indirect interests in Hoya Intermediate.

Proceeds from the Transactions, including cash and marketable securities held in the Trust Account, were used for:

Upon the Closing, the ownership of Vivid Seats PubCo is as follows:

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Accounting for the Business Combination

The Business Combination will be accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, Vivid Seats PubCo has been treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. This determination was primarily based on the existing controlling equityholder of Hoya Intermediate having a relative majority of the voting power of the combined company and the operations of Hoya Intermediate and its subsidiaries constituting the only ongoing operations of the combined company.

Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of the combined company will represent a continuation of the financial statements of Hoya Intermediate. The net assets of Vivid Seats PubCo will be stated at historical cost.

Treatment of Warrants

As part of the Business Combination, Vivid Seats PubCo and its subsidiaries issued the following warrants:

The Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants and Vivid Seats Private Placement IPO Warrants that replace the Horizon IPO Public Warrants and Horizon IPO Private Placement Warrants are reflected as equity in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet. In advance of the Closing, Horizon amended the terms of the Prior Warrant Agreement, pursuant to the vote or written consent of the Registered Holders of Horizon IPO Public Warrants and the written consent of the holders of the Horizon IPO Private Placement Warrants. Following the amendment to the Prior Warrant Agreement, the Horizon IPO Public Warrants and the Horizon IPO Private Placement Warrants, and thus the Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants and the Vivid Seats Private Placement IPO Warrants, meet the criteria for an equity classification.

At the Effective Time, each Exercise Warrant issued to Sponsor became a Vivid Seats PubCo $10.00 Exercise Warrant and Vivid Seats PubCo $15.00 Exercise Warrant, as applicable, which are in form substantially similar to the Form of New Warrant Agreement attached as Exhibit 4.2 to Vivid Seats PubCo’s registration statement on Form S-4 filed by Vivid Seats PubCo with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on September 23, 2021. The Vivid Seats PubCo $10.00 Exercise Warrants and Vivid Seats PubCo $15.00 Exercise Warrants that replaced the Exercise Warrants are exercisable for our Class A common stock. The terms of the Vivid Seats PubCo $10.00 Exercise Warrants and Vivid Seats PubCo $15.00 Exercise Warrants allow for an equity classification, and therefore, these warrants are reflected as an increase in additional paid-in capital.

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Tax Receivable Agreement

Upon Closing, Vivid Seats PubCo entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement with Hoya Intermediate, the TRA Holder Representative, Hoya Topco and the other TRA Holders (each as defined therein). Pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement, Vivid Seats PubCo is generally required to pay Hoya Topco and the other TRA Holders 85% of the amount of savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign taxes that are based on, or measured with respect to, net income or profits, and any interest related thereto that Vivid Seats PubCo (and applicable consolidated, unitary, or combined subsidiaries thereof, if any and collectively the “Tax Group”) realizes, or is deemed to realize, as a result of certain tax attributes (the “Tax Attributes”), including:

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Basis of Pro Forma Presentation

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been adjusted to give effect to accounting adjustments related to the Transactions linking the effects of the Transactions to the historical financial information. The adjustments in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined consolidated financial information have been identified and presented to provide relevant information necessary for an accurate understanding of the combined company upon consummation of the Transactions.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is for illustrative purposes only. The financial results may have been different had the companies always been combined. You should not rely on the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information as being indicative of the historical results that would have been achieved had the companies always been combined or the future results that the combined company will experience. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not give effect to any anticipated synergies, operating efficiencies, tax savings, or cost savings that may be associated with the Transactions. Horizon and Hoya Intermediate have not had any historical relationship prior to the Transactions. Accordingly, no pro forma adjustments were required to eliminate activities between the companies.

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Vivid Seats Inc.

Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet

As of June 30, 2021

(in thousands, except unit/share and per unit/share amounts)

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Vivid Seats Inc.

Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations

For Six Months Ended June 30, 2021

(in thousands, except unit/share and per unit/share data)

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Vivid Seats Inc.

Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations

For the Year Ended December 31, 2020

(in thousands, except unit/share and per unit/share amounts)

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

1. Basis of Presentation

The pro forma adjustments have been prepared as if the Business Combination had been consummated on June 30, 2021, in the case of the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet, and on January 1, 2020, the beginning of the earliest period presented, in the case of the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared assuming the following methods of accounting in accordance with GAAP.

The Business Combination will be accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP, with Hoya Intermediate identified as the accounting acquirer, in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). The identification of Hoya Intermediate as the accounting acquirer is based primarily on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of the combined company represent a continuation of the financial statements of Hoya Intermediate with the acquisition being treated as the equivalent of Hoya Intermediate issuing stock for the net assets of Horizon.

2. Redemptions and Sponsor Backstop Commitment

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information reflects redemptions of Horizon Class A ordinary shares into cash. Upon Closing, shareholders of 25,017,173 redeemable Horizon Class A ordinary shares elected to exercise their redemption rights at a redemption price of $10.00 per share based on Trust Account figures as of June 30, 2021. These redemptions reduced cash available from the Trust Account by $250.2 million in the unaudited pro forma financial information, based on Trust Account figures as of June 30, 2021.

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The Sponsor Agreement provides that, in the event the cash and cash equivalents of Vivid Seats PubCo after giving effect to the PIPE Subscription and the Horizon Class A ordinary share redemptions, (the “Vivid Seats PubCo Available Cash”) is less than $769.0 million, Eldridge Industries, LLC shall increase its PIPE Subscription by such shortfall (the “Sponsor Backstop Commitment”). In the event the amount in the Trust Account after giving effect to the PIPE Subscription and the Horizon Class A ordinary share redemptions is expected to be less than $380.0 million, Sponsor and its affiliates are entitled to arrange for the purchase of additional shares of Horizon ordinary shares from third party investors at a price of $10.00 per share with prior written consent of Hoya Topco.

Accordingly, the unaudited pro forma financial information reflects an overall increase in the PIPE Subscriptions of 25,017,173 shares of Class A common stock, resulting in an increase to cash and cash equivalents of $250.2 million.

In consideration for the Sponsor Backstop Commitment, Hoya Intermediate paid Eldridge Industries, LLC approximately $11.7 million in cash at Closing (“Backstop Fee”).

The unaudited pro forma financial information assumes that there are no adjustments for the exercise of outstanding Horizon IPO Public Warrants and Horizon IPO Private Placement Warrants, because such securities are not exercisable until 30 days after the Closing.

3. Adjustments and Assumptions to the Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2021

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of June 30, 2021 reflects the following adjustments:

(a) Reflects the exchange of Horizon Class A ordinary shares and Horizon Class B ordinary shares for Class A common stock. Holders of 25,017,173 redeemable Horizon Class A ordinary shares elected to exercise their redemption rights (refer to Note 2, Redemptions and Sponsor Backstop Commitment), Vivid Seats PubCo issued 29,431,260 shares of Class A common stock, resulting in Class A common stock of $2 thousand and a net increase to additional paid-in capital of $280.8 million. Horizon’s historical equity, including accumulated deficit, Horizon Class A ordinary shares and Horizon Class B ordinary shares, are cancelled.

All outstanding Horizon Warrants to purchase shares of Horizon Class A ordinary shares are exchanged for Vivid Seats PubCo Warrants to purchase shares of Class A common stock.

The Horizon IPO Public Warrants and Horizon IPO Private Placement Warrants previously issued and classified as liabilities by Horizon were exchanged for Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants and Vivid Seats Private Placement Warrants, respectively, each in form substantially similar to the Prior Warrant Agreement. The Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants and Vivid Seats Private Placement Warrants are classified as equity, due to the warrantholder vote in favor the amended warrant terms of the Horizon IPO Public Warrants and Horizon IPO Private Placement Warrants in advance of the Transactions. The reclassification of these warrants results in a reduction to derivative warrant liabilities of $43.9 million with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital.

The exchange of the Exercise Warrants held by Sponsor for Vivid Seats PubCo $10.00 Exercise Warrants and Vivid Seats PubCo $15.00 Exercise Warrants is reflected as an increase to additional paid-in capital.

(b) Reflects the exchange of Hoya Intermediate shares outstanding for 118,200,000 shares of Class B common stock, resulting in an increase to Class B common stock of $12.0 thousand. Hoya Intermediate’s Preferred Units are exchanged as a result of a restructuring immediately prior to the Business Combination, resulting in a net increase to additional paid-in capital of $9.9 million.

(c) Reflects redemption of Hoya Intermediate Senior Preferred Units assuming a redemption date of June 30, 2021, which results in a reduction to cash and cash equivalents of $231.9 million. Upon the Closing on October 18, 2021, the actual reduction to cash and cash equivalents was approximately $236.0 million.

(d) Reflects the issuance of Hoya Intermediate Warrants issued to Hoya Topco, which results in a $35.7 million increase to Derivative warrant liabilities, with a corresponding decrease to additional paid-in capital. The Hoya Intermediate Warrants issued to Hoya Topco consist of (i) 3,000,000 Hoya Intermediate Warrants, each allowing the

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holder to acquire one Intermediate Common Unit at an exercise price of $10.00 per share, and (ii) 3,000,000 Hoya Intermediate Warrants, each allowing the holder to acquire one Intermediate Common Unit at an exercise price of $15.00 per share. As of June 30, 2021, Hoya Intermediate Warrants with an exercise price of $10.00 have an estimated value of $6.35 per warrant, while Hoya Intermediate Warrants with an exercise price of $15.00 have an estimated value of $5.54 per warrant.

The terms of the Hoya Intermediate Warrants require a liability classification, due to the redemption feature of Intermediate Common Units.

(e) Represents the cash proceeds and issuance of equity in Vivid Seats PubCo related to the PIPE Subscription, resulting in an increase in cash and cash equivalents of $475.2 million, with corresponding increases to Class A common stock of $5 thousand and additional paid-in capital of $475.2 million. The increase in cash and cash equivalents includes an increase in the PIPE Subscription of $250.2 million under the Sponsor Backstop Commitment.

(f) Reflects the reclassification of cash and investments held in the Trust Account that became available for transaction consideration, transaction expenses, redemption of public shares, debt repayments, and the operating activities of Vivid Seats PubCo in conjunction with the Business Combination.

(g) Reflects the payment of deferred underwriting commissions associated with the initial public offering of Horizon. The deferred underwriting commissions became payable from amounts held in the Trust Account upon Closing.

(h) Represents preliminary estimated transaction costs of $47.1 million for advisory, banking, legal, and accounting fees, of which $6.4 million have been incurred and accrued as accounts payable as of June 30, 2021 and $6.3 million have been incurred and paid as of June 30, 2021, in addition to the Backstop Fee. Of the total, $18.8 million relates to advisory, legal and other fees, $14.4 million relates to capital market advisory fees, $11.7 million relates to the Backstop Fee and $2.2 million relates to PIPE Subscription placement fees. Costs directly attributable to the Business Combination and PIPE Subscription amount to $32.9 million and are recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital, with the remainder recorded to accumulated deficit. As of June 30, 2021, Hoya Intermediate capitalized $3.5 million of costs directly attributable to the Transactions.

(i) Represents the reduction in outstanding debt held by Hoya Intermediate and its subsidiaries. The unaudited condensed combined pro forma information reflects a payment of $485.7 million, comprised of, (i) the full repayment of the May 2020 First Lien Loan of $295.2 million, (ii) a payment of $157.2 million to reduce the outstanding principal balance on its June 2017 First Lien Loan to $458.3 million (excluding $6.2 million of deferred issuance costs and original issue discount associated with the June 2017 First Lien Loan), (iii) payment of $0.4 million in accrued interest, and (iv) the payment of a prepayment penalty of $33.0 million associated with the May 2020 First Lien Loan. In addition, the adjustment reflects a charge of $8.7 million in debt extinguishment costs related to deferred financing costs and original issue discounts associated with the Term Loan Facilities. Debt extinguishment costs, combined with the prepayment penalty, result in an increase to accumulated deficit of $41.7 million. The $33.0 million prepayment penalty included in the pro forma adjustment reflects a repayment date of June 30, 2021 on the May 2020 First Lien Loan. The prepayment penalty amount reduces over time. The actual prepayment penalty incurred upon Closing on October 18, 2021 was $28.0 million.

(j) It is more likely than not that the Vivid Seats PubCo deferred tax assets will not be realized in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). As such, Vivid Seats PubCo has reduced the full carrying amount of the deferred tax assets with a valuation allowance under both scenarios.

(k) Upon the completion of the Business Combination, Vivid Seats PubCo became a party to the Tax Receivable Agreement. Under the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement, Vivid Seats PubCo will make payments to the TRA Holders in respect of 85% of the net tax benefit to Vivid Seats PubCo of certain tax attributes (calculated using certain assumptions, and subject to the terms of the Tax Receivable Agreement). However, until a TRA Holder exchanges at least 5% of its Intermediate Common Units, Vivid Seats PubCo will hold such payments until the TRA Holder satisfies such threshold exchange. Upon the completion of the Business Combination, no TRA Holder has exchanged at least 5% of its Intermediate Common Units. The tax impacts of the transaction were estimated based on the applicable law in effect on June 30, 2021.

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Due to the uncertainty as to the amount and timing of future exchanges of Hoya Intermediate Units by the TRA Holders and as to the price of Class A common stock at the time of any such exchanges, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not assume that any existing equityholder of Hoya Intermediate have exchanged Intermediate Common Units that would create an obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement. Therefore, no increases in tax basis in Hoya Intermediate’s assets or other tax benefits that may be realized under the Tax Receivable Agreement have been reflected in the unaudited condensed combined pro forma financial information. Future exchanges will result in incremental tax attributes and potential cash tax savings for Vivid Seats PubCo. Depending on Vivid Seats PubCo’s assessment on realizability of such tax attributes, the arising Tax Receivable Agreement liability will be recorded at the exchange date against equity, or at a later point through income.

A full valuation allowance was established based on Vivid Seats PubCo’s assessment of the significant uncertainty that exists with respect to the future realization of the deferred tax asset in accordance with ASC 740. Should Vivid Seats PubCo change its assessment of realizability of its tax attributes in future periods, resulting in expected cash tax savings, it will release its valuation allowance and Tax Receivable Agreement liability through income. Other remeasurements of the Tax Receivable Agreement liability (e.g. due to change in tax rates) will be recorded through income as well.

If Vivid Seats PubCo exercises its right to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement or in the case of a change in control of Vivid Seats PubCo or a material breach of Vivid Seats PubCo’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, all obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be accelerated and Vivid Seats PubCo will be required to make a payment to the TRA Holders in an amount equal to the present value of future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. This payment would be based on certain assumptions, including that Vivid Seats PubCo would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the benefits arising from the Tax Attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. If Vivid Seats PubCo were to elect to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement immediately after the Business Combination, assuming the market value of Class A common stock is equal to $10 per share, Vivid Seats PubCo currently estimates that it would be required to pay approximately $425 million to satisfy its total liability.

(l) On June 11, 2021, Horizon received a payment of $25.5 million from a third party in connection with a business combination transaction that was not consummated. The payment was subject to a U.S. federal income tax withholding of $7.5 million, resulting in net proceeds of $17.5 million to Horizon. In connection with the payment received, Vivid Seats intends to pay a special dividend of approximately $0.23 per share to holders of Class A common stock as soon as reasonably practical following the Closing.

The special dividend results in a reduction to cash and cash equivalents and additional paid-in capital of the combined company in the amount of $17.5 million.

(m) Following the Closing, Vivid Seats PubCo owns a direct controlling interest in Hoya Intermediate, while the existing controlling equityholder of Hoya Intermediate owns an economic interest in Hoya Intermediate shown as a noncontrolling interest in the financial statements of Vivid Seats PubCo. The indirect economic interests are held by the existing controlling equityholder of Hoya Intermediate in the form of Intermediate Common Units that can be redeemed for Class A common stock or, at the option of Vivid Seats PubCo (but only out of the proceeds of a substantially concurrent public offering or private sale of Class A common stock), cash in an amount equal to the value of Class A common stock. If Vivid Seats PubCo elects that the redeemed Intermediate Common Units will be settled in cash, the cash used to settle the redemption of the Intermediate Common Units must be funded through a private or public offering of Class A common stock no later than five business days after the date the redemption occurs. The noncontrolling interest will decrease as Class B common stock and Intermediate Common Units are exchanged for Class A common stock.

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The calculation of noncontrolling interest is based on the net assets of Hoya Intermediate and the ownership percentage held by Hoya Topco in Hoya Intermediate following the completion of the Transactions. Accordingly, noncontrolling interest increased to $211.2 million with a corresponding decrease to additional paid-in capital.

4. Adjustments and Assumptions to the Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and Year Ended December 31, 2020

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and for the year ended December 31, 2020 reflect the following adjustments:

(aa) Reflects the elimination of the net gain from investments held in the Trust Account.

(bb) Represents estimated one-time costs associated with the Transactions, of which $9.2 million were incurred as of June 30, 2021, as if they were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2020. These estimated one-time transaction costs, which include advisory, legal and other fees are not capitalizable. Refer to adjustment (i) for additional details regarding transaction costs.

(cc) Represents the elimination of change in fair value associated with the Horizon IPO Public Warrants and Horizon IPO Private Placement Warrants, in addition to the change in fair value of the Hoya Intermediate Warrants.

Refer to adjustment (a) for additional details regarding the accounting treatment for the Horizon IPO Public Warrants and Horizon IPO Private Placement Warrants, which were exchanged for Vivid Seats Public IPO Warrants and Vivid Seats Private Placement Warrants.

Refer to adjustment (d) for additional details regarding the accounting treatment of Hoya Intermediate Warrants to be issued to Hoya Topco.

(dd) Reflects a decrease to interest expense assuming the paydown of a portion of Hoya Intermediate and its subsidiaries’ debt from the proceeds of the Transactions as if they occurred on January 1, 2020 based on the interest rate in effect for the June 2017 First Lien Loan, which will remain outstanding following the Transactions. Refer to adjustment (i) for additional details regarding debt.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the combined company expects to completely repay its May 2020 First Lien Loan and reduce the outstanding balance on the June 2017 First Lien Loan to $458.3 million, resulting in a $36.9 million reduction to interest expense. The combined company incurs $11.9 million in debt extinguishment costs related to the original issue discount and deferred financing costs associated with the Term Loan Facilities. The prepayment of the May 2020 First Lien Loan results in a prepayment penalty of $45.7 million. The prepayment penalty, which reduces over time, is calculated as of the debt issuance date, May 22, 2020. The actual prepayment penalty incurred upon Closing on October 18, 2021 was $28.0 million.

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the combined company expects a $22.9 million reduction to interest expense as a result of reductions to the combined company’s outstanding debt.

(ee) As it is more likely than not that the Vivid Seats PubCo deferred tax assets will not be realized in accordance with ASC 740, no income tax benefit is recognized.

(ff) The net loss attributable to Vivid Seats PubCo was reduced by the noncontrolling interest ownership held in Hoya Intermediate of 60.6%.

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(gg) On June 11, 2021, Horizon received a payment of $25.0 million from a third party in connection with a business combination transaction that was not consummated. The payment was subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding of $7.5 million. The income and tax expense associated with these payments, which are not directly attributable to the Transactions, are not expected to recur in the future.

(hh) Represents the net (loss) income per share calculated using the weighted average shares outstanding and the issuance of additional shares of Class A common stock in connection with the Transactions, assuming that the shares were outstanding since January 1, 2020. As the Transactions are reflected as if they had occurred at the beginning of the periods presented, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding for net loss per share assumes that the shares issuable related to the Transactions have been outstanding for the entire period presented. The combined financial information has been prepared assuming both a no redemption and maximum redemption scenario.

As Vivid Seats PubCo was in a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2020, giving effect to outstanding warrants was not considered in the calculation of diluted net loss per share, since the inclusion of such warrants would be anti-dilutive. Based on their exercise prices, the outstanding warrants redeemable for Class A common stock in Vivid Seats PubCo are not dilutive for the six months ended June 30, 2021.

(1)    Excludes Class B common stock as these shares do not participate in earnings

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to the business of Vivid Seats (collectively, “Vivid Seats”) prior to the Closing.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the section titled “Risk Factors” or in other parts of this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. Except as otherwise noted, all references to 2019 refer to the year ended December 31, 2019, all references to 2020 refer to the year ended December 31, 2020 and all references to 2021 refer to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Overview

Vivid Seats is a leading marketplace that allows fans of live events to connect seamlessly with third-party ticket sellers through our platform. We believe Vivid Seats is a leading marketplace based on a combination of (1) third party estimates of the overall market size, including a 2017 report prepared for us by a third party consulting firm, (2) publicly available information including our competitors’ filings with the SEC and (3) internal company information from our Skybox platform that provides insights into volumes across marketplaces representing a meaningful portion of the over secondary ticketing market.

Our mission is focused on connecting buyers and sellers, empowering fans to Experience It Live. We believe live events deliver some of life’s most exciting moments. Our platform provides ticket buyers and sellers with an easy-to-use, trusted marketplace experience, ensuring fans can attend live events and create memories that last a lifetime. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020 we generated $468.9 million and $35.1 million of revenues, respectively, and $2,279.8 million and $347.3 million of Marketplace Gross Order Value (“Marketplace GOV”). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, our revenues were $115.5 million and $139.6 million and Marketplace GOV was $693.1 million and $809.6 million, respectively. These represented substantial increases over the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 when we generated revenues of negative $28.9 million and $40.8 million and Marketplace GOV of negative $63.3 million and $340.1 million, respectively.

In addition to helping ticket buyers easily purchase tickets, our platform enables third-party ticket sellers to seamlessly manage their end-to-end operations. We unite millions of ticket buyers with thousands of ticket sellers.

Our platform is built on years of customer transactional and engagement data that provides us with deep insights into how to best connect buyers with the experiences they seek. In 2019, we connected over five million buyers to over 200,000 unique events.

Our Business Model

We operate our business in two segments, Marketplace and Resale.

Marketplace

Through our Marketplace segment, we act as an intermediary between ticket buyers and third-party ticket sellers. We earn revenue processing ticket sales from our Owned Properties, consisting of the Vivid Seats website and mobile app, in addition to ticket sales initiated through distribution partners, our Private Label offering. Using our online platform, we process customer payments, coordinate ticket deliveries, and provide customer service to ticket buyers, allowing ticket sellers to focus more of their time on selling. We primarily earn revenue from service and delivery fees charged to ticket buyers. Using a third-party insurance provider, we also earn referral fee revenue by offering event ticket insurance to ticket buyers.

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In our role as an intermediary, we do not hold ticket inventory on Marketplace transactions. We do incur costs for developing and maintaining our platform, providing back-office and customer support to ticket sellers and ticket buyers, processing payments, and shipping tickets. We also incur substantial marketing costs, primarily related to online advertising, which we expect to increase over time as we grow and scale the business.

Resale

Our Resale business primarily serves as an internal research and development group focused on creating best in class seller software and tools. Our Resale business includes a team of sellers, which acquires tickets for resale on secondary marketplaces, including our own platform, using Skybox. Skybox is our proprietary enterprise resource planning tool, which is a free-to-use system made available to assist third party sellers manage their ticket inventory, adjust pricing, and fulfill orders across several secondary marketplaces. When new features and functionality are released for Skybox, they are first tested and iterated by our Resale team prior to release to the seller community, and thus ensures we can continue innovating to meet the needs of our seller community.

Key Business Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use the following metrics to evaluate our performance, identify trends, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions. We believe that these metrics provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations in the same manner as our management team.

The following table summarizes our key business metrics and non-GAAP financial measure for the periods indicated (in thousands):

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Marketplace GOV

Marketplace GOV is a key driver of our Marketplace segment’s revenue. Marketplace GOV represents the total transactional amount of Marketplace orders in a period, inclusive of fees, exclusive of taxes, and net of event cancellations that occurred during that period. Marketplace GOV reflects our ability to attract and retain customers, as well as the overall health of the industry.

Our Marketplace GOV is impacted by seasonality with increased activity in the fourth quarter when all major sports leagues are in season and we experience increases in order volume for theater and concert events during the holiday season. In addition to seasonality, quarterly fluctuations in our Marketplace GOV result from the number of cancellations, the overall popularity and resultant demand of performers, tours, teams, and events, as well as length and team composition of sports playoff series and championship games.

Total Marketplace Orders

Total Marketplace orders represents the volume of Marketplace segment orders placed on our platform in a period, net of event cancellations. An order can include one or more tickets or parking passes. Total Marketplace orders allow us to monitor order volume and better identify trends within our Marketplace segment.

Total Resale Orders

Total Resale orders represents the volume of Resale segment orders sold by our Resale team in a period, net of event cancellations. An order can include one or more tickets or parking passes. Total Resale orders allow us to monitor order volume and better identify trends within our Resale segment.

Adjusted EBITDA

We present Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure, because it is a measure frequently used by analysts, investors, and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry. Further, we believe this measure is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results, because they exclude the impact of items that are outside the control of management or not reflective of ongoing performance related directly to the operation of our online marketplace and resale business.

Adjusted EBITDA is a key measurement used by our management internally to make operating decisions, including those related to analyzing operating expenses, evaluating performance, and performing strategic planning and annual budgeting. Moreover, we believe Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations, as well as provides a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business performance and highlighting trends in our operating results.

Adjusted EBITDA is a measure not defined under GAAP. It has limitations, because it excludes certain types of expenses and it does not reflect changes in working capital needs. Furthermore, other companies may calculate adjusted EBITDA or similarly titled measures differently, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

Adjusted EBITDA is presented here as a supplemental measure only. You are encouraged to evaluate each adjustment. The following is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure, net loss.

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